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published in(发表于) 2013/12/22 18:54:48
Nanjing haze survey： consumption of 44 million tons of coal each year to Beijing twice times

"In December, a haze struck most of the Yangtze River Delta region in the South, affecting 25 provinces, more than 100 cities, the Central meteorological station said that this year, haze for 52 days on average in China's largest. "In December early spread national 25 a provinces more than 100 more block cities of that big range air pollution in the, long triangle area especially Jiangsu became people concern of focus, meteorological data displayed, December 3, and 4th, Jiangsu Province province's all city air quality are reached has heavy degrees pollution or serious pollution, Nanjing also publishing this year first air pollution red warning, the in primary and secondary schools and the kindergarten closed, in Nanjing what occurred has what, economic half hours under reporter arrived has there for investigation.

　Air pollution in Nanjing and a red alert sites bring fog and haze

Company employees: burning stalks, or industrial (pollution) causes, or something.

Company employees: more plants (emission) emission, pollution, otherwise, cannot be so serious.

Sanitation workers: (tail), queues are too much.

Office worker Mary: there is another way (construction), and everywhere (or revision) of the road, this cart is set, dusty couldn't stand it any more, and people can't stand ... ...

On December 9, after solving the pollution in Nanjing red alert on the first day, reporters roughly walked a circle along Nanjing city, found that every construction site not far away, roads, building houses, building subways, tunnels, to make a lasting impression is of large tracts of dirt, sand. Reporter see, except in road middle with some bezel simple separated block outside, dug out of large dirt, and sand all bare, and stacked in site shang, around no what anti-Sha dust measures; road Middle pulled sand of big van, some completely no any anti-Sha dust measures, van Shang of sand completely bare out; some while in sand above cover has plastic sheeting, but driving en route body behind part plastic sheeting was wind opened Hou, car Shang of sand and bare out, some dust with wind roves.

Jiangjun road near a construction site in Nanjing, the reporters saw close to the fast lane, a large number of soil is exposed, no sand-dust control measures.

Of the economy and a half hours of the reporters: ask what project name here

Construction company owner: source water main renovation, General ddy water reform

Of the economy and a half hours of the reporter: that your haze days, ash is so big, and (workers)?

Construction Manager: duration we tight

Of the economy and a half hours of the reporters: ask how many days to complete

Construction Manager: one month.

Residents living near the construction site, construction site dust every day attacks.

Community: homes every day are all grey

Of the economy and a half hours of the reporter: dare open the window

Community: can't open these days without even opening it.

Of the economy and a half hours of the reporter: clothes don't hang out

Community: can't hang out clothes now and still feel at home there is no sun, touched hands feeling of dampness, shine for a week.

Community owners: no need for a few days, dirty day, since we live here, road no better has been repaired. For several years, not this one, that is, there's no better.

Community elderly: it, does not come with the baby in the Sun won't shine, kids get out in weather like this?

Local residents say, construction of Nanjing in recent years all over the city, going out did not go as far as he could see the site, statistics from the local environmental protection Department, now under construction in Nanjing site is about more than more than 3,000, hundreds of local people taking Nanjing as a site of the image.

In addition to construction site dust, Xinhua noted, Nanjing industrial park, there are a lot of tall chimneys, white smoke continued to discharge outside. On December 11, more than 7 in the morning, the reporters came to Nanjing Chemical Industry Park, across, 7 meters away, see the tall chimney of a thermal power plant are folks who braved the smoke, after approaching, reporters discovered that thermal power plants outside the wall there is a layer of yellowish green leaves on the tree of small white spots. Nearby residents told reporters that after it is coal combustion of thermal power plant emissions, hair particles to the ground.

Neighborhood: sometimes something like that under Huang Diandian. Like a little drizzle.

Neighborhood: vegetable (wash), it is the shining white.

Of the economy and a half hours of the reporter: what about your clothes?

Neighborhood: shirt washed over their clothes, wash.

Of the economy and a half hours of the reporters: how big is it?

Neighborhood: more than ten square kilometers.

Neighborhood: ten square kilometers.

Of the economy and a half hours of the reporters: this probably is home to hundreds of factories and enterprises? Two hundred or three hundred companies, right?

Neighborhood: two hundred or three hundred homes, 400. There are factories ...

Of the economy and a half hours of the reporter: the thermal power plant, on this House?

Residents: power plant on this House.

Taxi driver: two years earlier, maybe this (weak acids) of rain, the (polluted) air so, this person's sickness rate higher.

Of the economy and a half hours of the reporter: what the smoke is it?

Taxi driver: are chemical ... Material, chemical ... Material.

Of the economy and a half hours of the journalist: what does it have to do with the haze?

Taxi driver: haze, watching the weather, the air was blue sky, but (now) don't see the blue sky, all is gray, so this place is not the head, headaches, body skin ... ... and, no, that is.

We know that the main component of air pollution in addition to steam is PM2.5 tiny particles, not floating in the air can dissipate quickly. This appearance of atmospheric pollution, what effect does bring to Nanjing? Of the economy and a half hours with journalists and environmental authorities in Nanjing in Nanjing, China carried out field visits.

Annual coal consumption of 44 million tons of Nanjing, and Beijing twice haze hard

This is Nanjing next morning after lifting of air pollution warning, as people who wake up early every day to meet the city, cleaning his master that day at 4 o'clock in the morning, come clean, says of haze effect of a few days ago, most of the master Yao said, was feeling chest tightness.

Master cleaners Yao: can't get out, quite boring.

Press Conference of the economy and a half hours: what's a stuffy law?

Master cleaners Yao: gas is not coming out.

Of the economy and a half hours of the reporter: couldn't get gas when wearing a mask?

Master cleaners Yao: wear.

Of the economy and a half hours of the reporter: it can play a role in it?

Master cleaners Yao: a bit better, wear better, today will get throat cough, could not wear. A cold, wearing boring, can't take it.

Yao says, it's winter now, this time of year, Nanjing leaves more, she and her colleagues should be cleaned every day, 7 times, work intensity was great, this year and catch up with this serious haze lasts a week, normally not easily catch a cold and she was ill.

Master cleaners Yao: this is the last leaf, sweating every day in the morning sweep, coupled with fog and haze (weather), really had no choice.

A sudden fog and haze doesn't impact the sanitation workers to work in the open air, just working people generally find it difficult to put up with. 41 year old Ma, work at a marketing company in Nanjing have been 5 or 6 years, commuting, she rode electric car for half an hour. She said that in recent years, almost every day the fog in Nanjing, but of long duration, the degree of pollution like fog, haze, she had never met.

MA: always bring out a mask, do not wear masks, barbed noses, you will feel uncomfortable.

Of the economy and a half hours of the reporter: wearing a mask work?

MA: I don't know, it's a psychological comfort, can fend off point is.

Mary lived in the vicinity of Nanjing, in her memory, due south of the Yangtze River, moist air, air each winter cold will lead to a certain amount of water vapor in the fog, however, this kind of haze this year and commonly referred to as thick fog is totally different.

MA: fog before, like before we grew up on a farm, Sun haze is the Sun came out, that is water, but now feel it is not, feeling as a kid when he was little, blue sky and white clouds, now largely invisible, dusty, which is (very) to worry about.

Ma this feeling grew up in Nanjing native Wang Ying shared, Wang Ying of Nanjing for 30 years, fog, foggy days are not unknown, but like this in a long time, choking haze days she was encountered for the first time in his life.

Anna Wang: in fact, haze caused by recurrent, car wash in the morning, afternoon had these particles.

Of the economy and a half hours of the journalist: the particles, and very thin?

Anna Wang: Yes. This basically 3-4 (car wash), if it is a haze, basically a day (car wash), we cannot say that day, half a day was like this. You say, we are driving, like traffic lights, clinging, waiting to see what is the red light and the green light? Visibility is very low, very low, and air, all kind of, burnt smell, the smell unpleasant. So wear the masks are inside of activated carbon, and like our friends, wearing a mask of the type 95 essentially.

Of the economy and a half hours of the reporters had seen before, this haze?

Anna Wang: Nanjing haven't before, when I went to Beijing, there have been, (haze) particularly care. The moment we got there, the worst-hit areas, but did not expect a month later, (haze) to Nanjing.

Wang Ying told reporters that haze days gives the greatest feeling is that nowhere, to survive is to breathe. About themselves, she doesn't care, she fears most is 1-year old twin daughters and their elderly members.

Anna Wang: we home twins daughter, are a week, Wo home inside, special bad mood, then a points, MOM, and MOM, to out, on special bore dryness disturbed, is parents Pro Special worried, because children, many are is only children, with we home also not as, many people if long-term not out words, on a mood or temperament, will became somewhat isolated, fear strangers like of, will has many negative effects. Plus you like for the elderly, parents, many older people will have high blood pressure, heart attack or something else you like fog and haze, its particularly low PM2.5, so I was worried, worried his parents, if on any given day, because of the fog and haze weather, can cause a number of diseases, this thing was, there was no way resistance.

Locals 1: like a pole, get up in the morning, small, dark, dense, sticky get filled to capacity.

Local resident 2: 50 meters probably visibility, then felt something in my throat, and worse.

Local residents 3: voice is hard.

Local resident 4: anyway, we bought a lot of masks, masks, a little better.

Reporters learned at the local environmental protection departments environmental monitoring center, the haze is not only a wide range of Shanghai, Nanjing and Jiangsu all surrounded by the enemies, and of long duration, from the beginning December 2, almost a week later, more serious is that the concentration of large, totally more than they used to be.

Nanjing municipal environmental protection Bureau monitoring center Deputy head Yu Yiyong: true when pollution is December 4, (PM2.5 instantaneous concentration value) is the highest of the day, reaching 377 (mg/m). And then we were for five consecutive days, are 300 (μg/m) above this level.

Of finance and the economy and a half hours of CCTV Reporter: 300 (μg/m3) what is a concept?

Yu Yiyong: 200 to 300 (μg/m3) are heavily polluting, 150 to 200 (mg/m) are called moderate pollution, 100 to 150 (μg/m3) are mild, 100 (mg/m), here's an excellent level, be a little more intuitive.

To be more specific description of the haze pollution, head of the Census monitoring real-time image of haze photos a few days ago, it was evident each time period in contrast to clarity around the same building photos.

Yu Yiyong: take a look at what is the fourth? This is the fourth of the situation, 12 o'clock, so they are.

The economy and a half hours, reporter: completely invisible to the floor.

Yu Yiyong: completely invisible, we don't have any frame of reference.

So, what exactly is this serious haze is caused? Journalists in the survey of the economy and a half hours was informed that industrial emissions are still the main reasons. Reporters accompanying the local departments in charge of environmental protection, select sampling in three different types of enterprise, respectively. Survey found that three companies of sulphur dioxide, sulphates, nitrates, ammonia, nitrogen oxides, soot and other major emissions, have already met or exceeded the national emission standards, but local environmental personnel and reporters found that although discharge standards, but there is some question of environmental protection measures are not in place.

This is where stockpiled ore in Meishan iron and steel company in Shanghai, the reporters saw piles of small mountain ores, not including fenced around, completely naked stacked above, there is no closed storage measures, with the wind, the ore dust will float with the wind.

Shanghai Meishan iron and steel company's new Managing Director of beijingers production branch: first of all we was built only in 2004, after completion, when environmental protection requirements through ... ... can meet environmental requirements, but now with the environmental protection requirements continue to increase, we are, is also thinking of other ways to go.

Of the economy and a half hours of the reporter: the production, how big is it?

Beijingers: this was 20,000 square meters.

Of the economy and a half hours of the reporter: like how?

Beijingers: our production, in our context, there are five such mass production.

Of the economy and a half hours of the press conference: If you want to ... ... If repeated installations require much investment?

Beijingers: putting probably as dust ... ... NET, a production to more than 10 million.

Of the economy and a half hours of the reporter: When do plan in place?

Beijingers: we're trying to all production within three years, the allocation is assigned, the environmental production, environmental production, these measures have come alone, approximately three years to complete.

Although these companies have environmental vulnerabilities, weaknesses, but they are major indicators are standard, the haze and the industry really didn't matter? A set of survey data reveal a secret.

Datang full-time Kang Jianmin Nanjing power plant environmental protection: our statistics according to 1 to November this year, when output is at 7 billion-kilowatt for the year, our coal consumption at 2 million tons.

Deputy General Manager of Shanghai Meishan iron and steel company limited Jiang Yifeng: now the scale of production of about 7.6 million tons, coal consumption over the years about 5.5 million tons.

Sinopec Jinling company safety and environmental protection Deputy Director Lu Pengyu: annual coal consumption of roughly 1 million tons.

According to the Nanjing environmental protection departments, such as statistics, with the three companies similar to those of iron and steel, electric power, chemical industry, building materials, energy consumption is large, Nanjing has more than 20 companies, this does not include other kinds of industrial park on the ground over hundreds of small and medium enterprises, now 44 million tons in annual coal consumption in Nanjing, Beijing currently consumes 22 million tons of coal per year has been exceeded, the two differed by 1 time per.

Lin Zheng, Vice-Minister of Nanjing: Nanjing itself, past the traditional chemical industry, accounts for our industrial proportion and heavy. We past of petrochemical, and steel, and including power, we electronic four industry, (accounted for) in we industrial 60% above, which steel near 8% around, that we of petrochemical 20%, so plus in together, does on we past,, in energy consumption emissions Shang told words, while they itself enterprise, technology standard has comparison high has, (emissions) standard has, but overall emissions also is in this place, so environment (accommodates emissions property) total is limited of.

Lin Zheng told reporters, as an industrial metropolis in Nanjing is China's earliest heavy industry base, the reform and opening up, companies are increasing year by year, and industrial distribution in high density, total, Nanjing local environmental carrying capacity, limited capacity after all, bearing the increasingly acute contradictions between industrial development and environment. Coupled with a substantial increase in urban automobile, the resulting vehicle exhaust emissions, aggravating haze weather.

Qian feng, Deputy Director of environmental protection Bureau of Nanjing: Nanjing the total number of motor vehicles, a total of 1.7 million vehicles, cars had 1.4 million cars, motorcycles still have about a hundred thousand of cars that our other heavy duty vehicles, diesel vehicles, trucks were a hundred thousand of cars, was probably such a scale. We have taken many measures to control better, but, after all, so much, (emission) effects are great.

In addition, the weather is also a major reason for the unusual. This year, the weather compared to previous years in Nanjing, Shanghai, high temperatures, less rainfall.

Nanjing municipal meteorological observatory Director Jiang Youshan: primarily since autumn this year, our precipitation of Nanjing, also is a continuous low, air dry itself, causes this dust may also be increased, at the same time as we are in Nanjing, in more common in autumn and winter, this (mist) appear in the weather also led this time, continuous process of pollution weather.

Of the economy and a half hours of the reporters: This rainfall is related to the data?

Nanjing municipal meteorological observatory Director Jiang Youshan: across the us in November at a few millimeters of rainfall, so a range of 3 to 5 mm, so that might be a, annual rainfall in the same period, lower to 30% per cent, such a range.

Environmental protection agency survey in Nanjing, now in Nanjing, site under construction more than more than 3,000 Nanjing annual coal consumption was 44 million tons, and coal use only numbers, is twice about double in Beijing, pollution, natural increase in air pollution, and how quickly treatment of existing air pollution sources? In Nanjing, we journalists and local environmental protection departments found that although most visits to project emissions targets, but the city is building the site has more than 3,000 more, 44 million tons of coal consumption for the year, which is equivalent to each of the Nanjing people consumes about 5 tons of coal a year, in the face of this situation, air pollution management in Nanjing?

　Total amount control of sewage an urgent need

Press survey found that the biggest cause of this large area of Yangtze River Delta haze, apart from occasional weather, industrial waste gas, waste emissions are the most important factors, relevant departments in Nanjing have also clearly aware that, to stop haze has reared its head again, it is necessary to step up efforts to reduce industrial emissions.

Nanjing municipal development and Reform Commission Deputy Director Lin Zheng: in this area we are two angles to reflect on this question, one that I have talked about in the entire industrial structure above, we grow our emerging industries of total progressive dilution of our past traditions of these pillar industries. Second, to the old, traditional industries, we launched an energy-saving technology and functional optimization of it. Our coal consumption by 2015 to 32.4 million tons, the total energy consumption, we strive for is to say that by 2015, energy consumption per unit GDP can be controlled within 0.5 ton range. So the question you just asked, very accurate, is our main focus, these traditional energy companies is, pace adjusted structure, speed up.

Environmental protection departments, they are thinking up to now, is the collaboration with relevant departments, forced by environmental governance reform.

Nanjing municipal environmental protection Bureau Deputy Director Qian Feng: we go now is to pollution while curing, go to sustain such a development model? It is worth our serious consideration, we think about it. Our Government must be changed in this way, our industrial restructuring, energy restructuring and adjustment of the economic development pattern and adjustment of the development model, must be improved. But we know economic development way adjustment, industry institutions adjustment, energy institutions adjustment, not overnight of, not day on can achieved of, it has a very slow of process, but in this process of, we to caught what, control what, this is very important of a step, so you just to I out of, so a compared big of topics, is Nanjing (fog haze) causes, actually asked of is Nanjing, actually asked of should is China.

Nanjing municipal environmental protection Bureau environmental monitoring Corps Deputy Chief Zhou Bing: through the East businesses, you have to be transformed to ensure that after July 1, 2014, you have to smoke less than 20 (mg/m). From forced way, allowing businesses to further reduce the emission of pollutants.

Experienced a haze of shock, Nanjing residents to have a deeper understanding of environmental protection.

Company: solutions, first under the above policy, bans and factory, the row (dirt) chemical, be sure to pipe.

MA: solve the haze problem from everyone on it, is designed to minimize the exhaust fumes.

Anna Wang: are town, there are many projects, in recent years as slowly as a step, or a step slow.

But at a press conference about to leave Nanjing on December 13, local meteorological departments forecast, disappeared a few days later the haze will return.

Nanjing municipal meteorological observatory Director Jiang Youshan: like the wind, we found should say 4 meters a second, Nanjing is easy, the capricious weather, which reached about 84% of probability.

Nanjing weather Announcer: we look at the city forecast is expected this afternoon to night, the city's sunny to cloudy, haze.

　"Half an hour to watch"

Show total environment referred to Nanjing, head of the national development and Reform Commission, presented a long-ignored issue is the environmental limits of the total amount of the allowance is fixed, such as Nanjing Yangtze River, its annual coal consumption of up to 44 million tonnes, was in Beijing twice times, such figures for comprehensive control of air pollution, is undoubtedly an enormous challenge. 18 session third plenary CPC Central Committee on full deepening reform several major problem of decided in the, in speed ecological civilization system construction in the on specifically made, construction ecological civilization, must established system complete of ecological civilization system system, implemented most strictly of source protection system, and damage compensation system, and responsibility investigated system, perfect environment governance and ecological repair system, with system protection ecological environment, meeting new of requirements, to future country of city development, specified has new of direction, new of requirements, Nanjing nature brings new urban development issues, how to implement the spirit of how Nanjing air cleaner, and we look forward to the Government a more effective, more determined, more thorough control measures.

　　【12月，一场雾霾袭击了以长三角为主的南方地区，波及25个省、100多个城市，中央气象台表示，今年以来，我国平均雾霾天数为52年之最。】在12月初波及全国25个省份100多座大中城市的那次大范围大气污染中，长三角地区特别是江苏成为人们关注的重点，气象数据显示，12月3日、4日，江苏省省辖所有城市空气质量都达到了重度污染或严重污染，南京还发布今年首次大气污染红色预警，各中小学及幼儿园停课，在南京到底发生了什么，《经济半小时》记者赶到了那里进行调查。

　　南京大气污染红色预警 大工地带来大雾霾

　　公司员工：烧秸秆，还是工业(污染)原因的，什么的。

　　公司员工：应该更多是工厂(排放)废气吧，那种污染，要不然，不可能这么严重的。

　　环卫工：那个(汽车尾)气，排的太多了。

　　上班族马女士：还有一个就是道路(施工)，到处都搞(修)路，这个大车一开，那个灰尘真的受不了，人也受不了……

　　12月9日，南京解决污染红色预警后的第一天，记者乘车沿南京城区大致走了一圈，发现每隔不远的地方就有施工工地，修路、盖房、建地铁、打隧道，给人留下深刻印象的是大片大片的泥土、沙石。记者看到，除了在道路中间用一些挡板简单隔开遮挡外，挖出来的大量泥土、沙石全部裸露、堆放在工地上，周围没有什么防沙防尘措施；道路中间拉沙石的大货车，有的完全没有任何防沙防尘措施，货车上的沙石完全裸露在外；有的虽然在沙石上面遮盖了塑料布，但行驶途中车身后面一部分塑料布被风掀开后，车上的沙石又裸露出来，一些粉尘随风飘散。

　　在南京将军大道附近一个工地，记者看到这里紧邻快车道，大量泥土裸露在外，没有任何防沙防尘措施。

　　《经济半小时》记者：问一下你这工程名字叫什么

　　施工方负责人：源水管改造，将军大道源水管改造

　　《经济半小时》记者：那你们这雾霾天，灰这么大，不停(工)？

　　施工方负责人：我们工期比较紧

　　《经济半小时》记者：要求多少天完成

　　施工方负责人：就一个月。

　　居住在施工工地附近的居民，每天都要面对工地扬尘的袭击。

　　小区居民：天天家里全是灰

　　《经济半小时》记者：窗户敢不敢开啊

　　小区居民：不敢开，这两天都没开过。

　　《经济半小时》记者：衣服敢不敢晾出去呢

　　小区居民：都不敢晾在外面，家里衣服到现在感觉还没有阳 光晒，摸在手上潮阴阴的感觉，都晒了一个星期。

　　小区车主：不用几天，一天就脏了，反正我们住在这儿来，路就没好过，一直在修。几年了，不是这段，就是那段，反正没好过。

　　小区老人：出来，出不来啊，抱着小孩出来晒太阳都晒不了 ，这样的天气小孩怎么出来？

　　当地居民们说，南京这几年到处搞城市建设，出门没走多远就能看到工地，当地环保部门的统计，现在南京在建的工地大约有3000多个，很多当地人形象地把南京比喻成一个大工地。

　　除了工地扬尘，记者注意到，南京一些工业园区有不少高烟囱，白色的浓烟不断地向外排放。12月11日，早上7点多，记者来到南京六合化工园，隔着7、8百米远，就看到一家热电厂的高烟囱正呼呼地冒着白烟，走近后，记者发现这家热电厂围墙外绿化树的树叶上有一层淡黄色的小白点。附近的居民告诉记者，这是热电厂的煤燃烧排放后，飘散到地上的颗粒物。

　　附近居民：有时候下的那个黄点点一样的东西差不多。像小毛毛雨。

　　附近居民：反正那个菜(洗)出来，就是白花花的。

　　《经济半小时》记者：那你穿衣服呢？

　　附近居民：衣服上还得洗，衣服上都有一身，不少洗。

　　《经济半小时》记者：这有多大？

　　附近居民：十平方公里不止。

　　附近居民：十平方公里，这个有。

　　《经济半小时》记者：这个工厂企业大概有几百家？二三百家有吧？

　　附近居民：二三百家有，四百家也有。存在工厂…

　　《经济半小时》记者：这个热力电厂，就这一家吗？

　　附近居民：电厂就这一家。

　　出租车司机：早两年，要不下这个(弱酸)雨，这个(污染)空气不得了，这个人的生病率更高。

　　《经济半小时》记者：它那个烟雾里面是什么东西？

　　出租车司机：都是化学…料，化工…料。

　　《经济半小时》记者：那它跟这个雾霾有什么关系呢？

　　出租车司机：雾霾，看这个天气，原来看这个空气，就是蓝天，但是(现在)来看蓝天看不到，全部都是灰蒙蒙的，原来这地方不是头，这个头疼，身上皮肤都……,有的不行，就是。

　　我们知道，造成大气污染的主要成分除了水蒸气，就是PM2.5等细小颗粒物，悬浮在空气中不容易消散。这次出现的大气污染现象，究竟给南京带来了怎样的影响呢？《经济半小时》记者和南京的环保部门一起，在南京进行了实地探访。

　　南京年耗煤量4400万吨，超北京两倍 成雾霾主凶

　　这是南京解除大气污染预警后的第二天早上，作为每天最早迎接城市醒来的人，清洁工姚师傅这天凌晨4点钟，就来到这里打扫卫生了，说起前几天雾霾带来的影响，姚师傅说得最多的，就是感觉胸口发闷。

　　清洁工姚师傅：出不来气，很闷。

　　经济半小时》记者：是怎么一个闷法？

　　清洁工姚师傅：就是出不来气。

　　《经济半小时》记者：出不来气，当时戴口罩吗？

　　清洁工姚师傅：戴。

　　《经济半小时》记者：这能起作用吗？

　　清洁工姚师傅：好一点，戴上好一点，今天嗓子咳嗽的不得了，不能戴。感冒，戴着闷、受不了。

　　姚师傅说，现在是冬天，每年这个时候，南京的落叶比较多，每天她和同事都要清理7、8次，工作强度本来就大，而今年又赶上这次持续一周的严重雾霾，平时不轻易感冒的她也生病了。

　　清洁工姚师傅：这是昨天的树叶，早上每天扫大汗淋漓的，加上雾霾(天气)，确实没办法。

　　一场突如其来的雾霾不仅仅影响到露天工作的环卫工人，就是一般的上班族也感到难以忍受。今年41岁的马女士，在南京一家营销公司上班已经5、6年了，每次上下班，她都要骑电动车半个小时。她说，这几年，南京差不多每年都会有雾天，但是像这样持续时间长、污染程度大的雾霾天气，她从来没有遇到。

　　马女士：出来都要带口罩，不戴口罩的话，就会刺鼻子，就会觉得不舒服。

　　《经济半小时》记者：戴口罩，感觉管用吗？

　　马女士：不知道，反正就图个心理安慰吧，能挡一点是一点。

　　马女士从小生活在南京附近，在她记忆中，由于江南河流水系多，空气湿润，每年冬天空气中的水蒸气遇冷都会产生一定程度的雾，但是，今年这种雾霾与通常所说的大雾完全不同。

　　马女士：以前大雾，像以前我们在农村长大，雾霾就是太阳一出来就晒，那种是水份的那种，但是现在感觉不是了，小时候的那种感觉，小时候蓝天白云，现在基本上看不到，灰蒙蒙的，这也是(很)让人担忧的。

　　马女士的这种感受，让从小就在南京土生土长的王莹也有同感，王莹在南京生活三十来年了，浓雾、大雾天也没少见过，但是像这中长时间、让人窒息的雾霾天她还是有生以来第一次遇到。

　　王莹：其实就是雾霾所导致的，经常性，早上洗的车，到下午就已经有这些颗粒了。

　　《经济半小时》记者：这个颗粒的话，很细的？

　　王莹：对。这种的话，基本上3到4天(洗次车)，如果是雾霾的话，基本上一天(洗次车)，不能说一天，半天是这样子。你比如说，我们开车的话，你像要过红绿灯，要扒着看，看到底是红灯、还是绿灯？可视性已经很低很低了；然后空气当中，整个都是那种，烧焦的那种味道，气味特别难闻。所以戴的那个口罩，都是有活性炭在里面的，你像我们身边的朋友，基本上都戴95的那种口罩了。

　　《经济半小时》记者：以前有没有见过，这样的雾霾？

　　王莹：以前南京还没有，我去北京的时候，有过，(雾霾)特别浓。我们到那一刻，重灾区的感觉，但是没想到一个月后，(雾霾)就到南京了。

　　王莹告诉记者，雾霾天给人最大的感受就是无处可逃，要生存就要呼吸。对于自己她倒不怎么在意，最让她担心的是年仅1岁多的双胞胎女儿和家中的老人。

　　王莹：我们家双胞胎女儿，都一个星期，窝在家里面，特别不好心情，然后一到点，妈妈、妈妈，要出门，就特别烦燥不安，就是父母亲特别着急，因为小朋友，很多都是独生子女，跟我们家还不一样，很多人如果长期不出门的话，对一个心情或者性情，都会变得有点孤立，怕陌生人之类的，都会有很多负面影响。再加上你像给老人、父母亲，现在很多老年人，都会有高血压，还有心脏病之类的，你像雾霾天，它那个PM2.5特别低，所以我就担心，特别担心父母亲，万一哪一天，因为这个雾霾的天气，会导致一些疾病的产生，这个东西都是，没有办法可抗的。

　　当地居民1：像这样的杆子上，早上起来，小块的、黑的、密密麻麻的、粘得满满的。

　　当地居民2：大概能见度有50米左右，然后就感觉吸了东西在喉咙里面，然后比较难受。

　　当地居民3：嗓子都难受。

　　当地居民4：反正我们是买了很多的口罩带着，口罩有一点，还好一点。

　　记者在当地环保部门环境监测中心了解到，这次雾霾不仅范围广，上海、南京等江浙一带全部被包围，而且持续时间长，从12月2日开始到12月8日，几乎近一周的时间，更严重的是其污染浓度之大，完全超过了以往。

　　南京市环保局监测中心站副站长喻义勇：真正达到污染的时候是12月4日开始，(PM2.5瞬时浓度值)这一天是最高的，达到了377(微克/立方米)。然后我们是连续五天，都是300(微克/立方米)以上，这个级别。

　　央视财经《经济半小时》记者：这300(微克/立方米)是一个什么概念？

　　喻义勇：200到300(微克/立方米)是重度污染，150到200(微克/立方米)叫中度污染，100到150(微克/立方米)是轻度，100(微克/立方米)以下就是优良的级别了，看等级会更直观一点。

　　为了更具体更形象的说明这次雾霾的污染程度，这位负责人还调出了前几天监测点实时拍摄的雾霾照片，上面可以明显看出各个时间段与周边同一建筑物清晰度对比的照片。

　　喻义勇：看一下四号的情况怎么样？这是四号当时的情况，中午12点，这样它们就是这样。

　　《经济半小时》记者：完全看不见那个楼。

　　喻义勇：完全看不见，我们的参照物没有了。

　　那么，究竟是什么原因造成这次严重雾霾的？《经济半小时》记者在调查中了解到，工业排放仍然是主要原因。记者随同当地环保部门有关负责人，分别选取三家不同类型的企业进行抽样调查。调查发现，这三家企业的二氧化硫、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、氨氮、氮氧化合物、烟尘等主要排放物，都已经达到或超过国家排放标准，但当地环保人员和记者发现，虽然排放达标，但一些企业仍然存在环保措施不到位的问题。

　　这是上海梅山钢铁公司堆放矿砂的地方，记者看到这一堆堆小山似的的矿砂，除了周围围起来外，上面完全裸露堆放，没有封闭存储的措施，一起风，这些矿砂粉尘就会随风飘散。

　　上海梅山钢铁公司新事业分公司生产管理室主任李雪松：首先我们这个是2004年才建成的，建成了以后，当时的环保要求可能我们通过……，可以达到环保要求，但是现在随着环保的要求不断的提高，我们目前，也是在想其他的方式去。

　　《经济半小时》记者：这个量产，有多大的？

　　李雪松：这个当时在两万平方米。

　　《经济半小时》记者：像这样的有多少个？

　　李雪松：我们这个量产，在我们范围内，有五个这样的量产。

　　《经济半小时》记者：如果要……的话，反复设施的话需要多少的投入？

　　李雪松：投入大概像防尘……网，一个量产要一千多万。

　　《经济半小时》记者：要计划什么时候到位？

　　李雪松：我们想在三年之内把所有的量产，该分配的分配，该做环境生产的，做环境生产，这些措施都跟上去，大致三年完成。

　　虽然这些企业有环保漏洞、存在保薄弱环节，但它们主要排放物指标都是达标的，这次雾霾与这些工业企业真的没有关系吗？一组调查数据揭开了其中的秘密。

　　大唐南京发电厂环保专职康健民：我们今年按照1到11月份的统计出来，年发电量是在70亿千瓦时，我们的耗煤量是在200万吨。

　　上海梅山钢铁股份有限公司副总经理蒋一丰：现在的生产规模大概在760万吨左右，历年的煤炭消耗量大概在550万吨左右。

　　中石化金陵分公司安全环保副总监陆鹏宇：年耗煤量大致在100万吨。

　　据南京市环保部门等单位统计，与这三家企业相似的钢铁、电力、化工、建材等能源消耗大型企业，南京就有20多家，这还不包括当地各类大小工业园里数百家以上的中小企业，现在南京每年煤炭消耗达4400万吨，已经超过目前北京每年消耗2200万吨煤，两者相差一倍。

　　南京市发改委副主任林峥：因为南京市本身，过去传统做化工业，占我们工业比重，比较重。我们过去的石化、钢铁、包括发电，我们电子四大产业，(占)在我们工业60%以上，其中钢铁接近8%左右，那我们的石化20%，所以加在一起，确实对我们过去来讲，在能源消耗排放上讲的话，虽然它们本身企业，技术标准已经比较高了，(排放)达标了，但是总体排放还是在这个地方，所以环境(容纳排放物)总量是有限的。

　　林峥告诉记者，南京作为一个工业化大都市，是我国最早的重化工基地，改革开放后，企业数量更是逐年增多、工业布局密度高、总量大，而南京当地环境承载量、容纳量毕竟有限，工业发展与环境承载力的矛盾越来越尖锐。再加上城市机动车的大量增加，由此产生的机动车尾气排放问题，也加重了雾霾天气的产生。

　　南京市环境保护局副局长钱锋：南京总的机动车，总共有170万辆，小汽车有140万辆，摩托车大概还有十几万辆，那我们其他的重型车，柴油车，卡车还是十几万辆，大概是这么一个规模。我们采取了很多措施，控制的比较好，但是毕竟这么多，(尾气排放)影响是很大的。

　　另外，天气反常也是一大原因。今年以来，南京、上海等地天气与往年相比，气温偏高、降水偏少。

　　南京市气象台台长姜有山：主要是今年初秋以来，我们南京市的降水，还是一个持续偏少，本身空气的干燥，也导致可能这个灰尘的增加，同时由于我们在南京，在秋冬季比较常见的，这种(雾)天气的出现，也导致了这一次，连续污染天气的过程。

　　《经济半小时》记者：那这个降雨量有没有相关的数据？

　　南京市气象台台长姜有山：整个我们11月份的降雨量在几毫米，在3到5毫米的这么一个范围，所以说应该比，常年同期的降雨量，要偏少30%到40%，这样一个范围。

　　南京环保部门的调查结果显示，目前在南京，有在建工地3000多个，南京全年消耗煤炭有4400万吨，仅煤炭消耗的数字，就是北京的两倍左右，污染源多了，大气污染的现象自然增多，如何迅速的治理现存的这些大气污染源呢？在南京，我们的记者和当地环保部门联合调查发现，虽然走访的项目大多排放达标，但全市正在建设的工地有3000多个，全年消耗煤炭4400万吨，这相当于每一个南京人一年就要消耗5吨左右的煤炭，面对这种状况，南京怎样展开大气污染的治理？

　　总量控制排污刻不容缓

　　记者调查发现，此次长三角大面积雾霾的最大原因，除了偶然的天气原因外，工业废气、废物排放量是最主要的因素，南京相关部门也已明确意识到，要想阻击雾霾的再次来袭，就必须要加大力度减少工业排放。

　　南京市发改委副主任林峥：这个方面我们现在是两个角度，来思考这个问题，一个我刚才讲在整个产业结构上面，我们做大我们新兴产业的总量，逐步淡化对我们过去传统这些支柱产业。第二块，对老的传统产业，我们要推行，它的一个节能技术改造和功能上的优化。我们煤耗在2015年控制到3240万吨，那么能耗总量，我们争取就是说是到2015年，单位GDP能耗能够控制在0.5吨范围。所以你刚才问的问题，非常地准确，就是我们主要的工作着力点，就是把这些传统能耗企业，调整的结构步伐，加快一些。

　　对于环保部门来说，他们现在思考最多的，是和相关部门协作，通过环境治理倒逼产业改革。

　　南京市环保局副局长钱锋：现在我们走的是边污染边治，走到今天还要维持这样的一个发展模式吗？值得我们深思，值得我们思考。我们政府一定要改变这种方式，我们产业机构调整，能源机构调整，经济发展方式的调整，发展模式的调整，必须提高。但是我们知道经济发展方式调整，产业机构调整，能源机构调整，不是一蹴而就的，不是一天就能实现的，它有一个非常缓慢的过程，但是在这个过程当中，我们要抓什么，控制什么，这是非常重要的一步，所以你刚才给我出的，这么一个比较大的题目，就是南京(雾霾)成因，实际上问的是南京，实际上问的应该是中国。

　　南京市环保局环境监察总队副总队长周兵：借着这个东风要求企业，你必须要进行改造，确保到2014年7月1号以后，你得烟尘排放小于20(毫克/立方米)。从倒逼的方式，让企业来进一步的减少污染物的排放。

　　经历过一场雾霾的冲击，南京市民对环境保护有了更深刻的认识。

　　公司员工：解决方法，首先上面先下政策，禁令，然后工厂，那些排(污)化工，这些一定要管。

　　马女士：解决雾霾问题就从每个人做起吧，就是能够尽量减少这种尾气，汽车尾气。

　　王莹：还有市政方面的，有很多的工程，能够在近几年尽量慢一步，或者缓一步。

　　不过就在记者即将离开南京的12月13日，当地气象部门预报，消失没几天的雾霾又将卷土重来。

　　南京市气象台台长姜有山：像这种风，我们研究发现应该说4个秒米以下，就是南京很容易出现，这种霾的天气，它的概率达到84%左右。

　　南京气象台播音员：我们来看下城市预报，预计今天下午到夜里，全市晴到多云，有霾。

　　【半小时观察】

　　节目中南京发改委相关负责人提及的环境总量，提出了一个长期以来一直为人们所忽略的课题，那就是环境容限总量有固定的限度，像南京这样一个江南水乡，其全年煤炭消耗量居然高达4400万吨，是北京的两倍，这样的数字，对于大气污染综合治理来说，无疑是个不小的难题。十八届三中全会中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定中，在加快生态文明制度建设中就专门提出，建设生态文明，必须建立系统完整的生态文明制度体系，实行最严格的源头保护制度、损害赔偿制度、责任追究制度，完善环境治理和生态修复制度，用制度保护生态环境，会议新的要求，给未来国家的城市发展，指明了新的方向，新的要求，自然给南京也带来了新的城市发展课题，怎样落实好会议的精神，怎样让南京的空气更干净，我们期待着政府部门更有效，更坚决，更彻底的治理措施。

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