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The author:(作者)aaapublished in(发表于) 2013/12/24 8:46:07 Procedure law the proposed overhaul： long-distance hearing of the case break local interventions
Administrative proceedings, commonly known as "mingaoguan". Draft amendments to the administrative procedure law 23rd drew the 12 session of the NPC Standing Committee for consideration at the sixth session. This was enacted in 1989, the "mingaoguan" method modified for the first time. Total of 51 draft amendments shows that the legislature has decided to significantly modify the law, resolve administrative proceedings "hard case, tried hard, difficult to enforce", and so on.
1
Into administrative requisition tort litigation
"Draft"
Court citizen, legal person or other organization, the following action:
Executive violations of the law of the land, minerals, water, forests, mountains, grasslands, unreclaimed land, beaches, waters and other natural resources ownership or use.
Executive violated its management autonomy or rural land contracting.
Executive illegal fund-raising, expropriation of property, be assessed on or against the law for the fulfilment of other obligations.
Executive violation of personal rights and property rights and other legitimate rights and interests of others.
"Interpretation" Jiang Mingan (Peking University Professor): now modified version 12th article increased of several class acts, as confiscated illegal proceeds, and administrative forced Executive, and change, and revoked, and withdrawn administrative license, and illegal fund-raising, and levy expropriation property,, is not on by case range of expanded, according to original law 11th article 8th items, relative people "think administrative organ violations other personal, and property of", also can Ltd-, just original law no clear cited.
Lists for the expansion of the scope of accepting cases of administrative litigation is not a good idea, even if I gave some kind, there are still many missing. Good practices are not actionable acts listed, only non-litigious behavior. In addition to the non-litigious behavior, scope and all else is, which is relatively the most beneficial. Of course, the scope of accepting cases enumerated if you still need to use positive and negative inventory methods, then give some actionable behavior listed some less than good, particularly for those most widely and most frequently and most directly related to civil rights, thus most likely administrative action against civil rights, should be included as much as possible.
"The case", according to Xinhua, described Huang Wenyi, Deputy Director of Jilin provincial Academy of social sciences, a prefecture-level city in Jilin province has unwritten rules, incident involving the demolition, and the people brought to court, no case, that objective cause "mingaoguan" file.
2
The "mingaoguan" case oral prosecution
Prosecution shall be submitted to the people's Court complaint, and in accordance with the number of accused to make copies. Written complaint is difficult, can sue orally by the people's Court recorded, dated a written document issued by, and inform the other party.
"Reading" Jiang Mingan: oral sued revised provision is intended to facilitate ordinary people will not write the indictment, is a manifestation of judicial convenience. Oral prosecution does not lead to abuse himself, because the lawsuit to pay litigation costs.
Yang Jianshun (Professor of law, Renmin University): oral prosecution is a special care, there are certain practical significance, as the level of education increases, unable to write indictments and fewer, legal concerns the interests of the majority at the same time, also taking into account the special circumstances of individual, offered a more human, scientific and rational, maintaining the litigation rights of socially vulnerable groups.
Action towards standardization, procedures, should pay more attention to the effectiveness of writing instruments, oral prosecutions are capable of randomness. So limiting conditions before oral sued, not who can sue for oral, only under special circumstances, special care for special groups demands protection suit.
3
Writs have nothing to fault, the Court shall inform all
The people's Court shall register it after receiving a complaint on the spot, and issue a written document with date. Writs shortfalls or other errors should be given guidance and clarification, and ready to follow through at once inform the party concerned. Shall not, without the guidance and clarification to the prosecution does not meet the criteria will not be accepted.
"Reading" Yang Jianshun: this is a sequence of clear provisions is based on the original clockwork specific quantification. Such a provision in the administrative permit law, in fact have similar requirements for the Executive, will greatly improve the timeliness of case acceptance, through clear procedures, improve efficiency, administrative procedures during concept introduced in the administrative procedure law, written proof of the date, the Court itself a restriction to prevent delays for cases handled. Originally emphasized the right to judge, into combining rights with obligations and fair procedures, the embodiment of the concept of due process, put an end to the court system within the "door hard to get into, hard, ugly face", reducing the administration of the courts.
"The case", according to Xinhua, a hotel worker in jiaozuo city, Henan province reflects, the false information provided by the Bureau of industry and commerce only personal, belonging to the Trade Union Hotel transfer to others. Trade union activist, Shanyang District of jiaozuo city people's Court for the institution of administrative proceedings, the result is no filing of the Court.
4
Court is entitled to found red tape, illegal
Citizens, legal persons or other organizations consider that the specific administrative act is based on the departments under the State Council and local people's Governments and their departments to develop rules of normative documents are not valid, to institute proceedings for a specific administrative actions, can be requested to review the normative documents.
People's courts in handling administrative cases, such regulatory documents illegal, not legal basis for determining the specific administrative behavior, and should be transferred to the duly empowered authorities, in accordance with law.
"Reading"
Why not just no "red tape"?
Jiang Mingan introduced "regulations the following normative document" is usually said, "red tape". The so-called "right authority" refers to a law on the "red tape" to review, revoke or change permissions.
Why the law does not directly authorize the Court to deny "red tape"? Jiang Mingan believes that this is based on two considerations. One is the Division of the State organs to consider, develop, alter or annul "red tape" is the administrative authority of the category, review the "red tape," legitimacy is the scope of competence of the Court.
Second, will the executive authorities with administrative expertise and experience, and the "red tape" are mostly involving policy issues rather than a legal issue, alter or annul by the executive authorities themselves "red tape" may be more appropriate than by the courts to alter or annul.
"Of course, during the trial, the Court shall not apply to the ' red tape ', which are essentially denying it. Executive actually had to have a problem of ' red tape ' to vary or rescind. Otherwise, if the private party to court for specific administrative act is guilty of an offence, it will lose. "Jiang Mingan said. According to Xinhua News
"Red tape" can individually be sued?
Jiang Mingan and many legal experts have suggested the "red tape" may "limited direct litigation", that is, in normal circumstances, administrative counterpart for abstract administrative acts can only "incidental litigation", but if the corresponding normative documents, without a specific administrative act causing harm to the relative's legal rights relative person may initiate proceedings directly to the abstract administrative behavior.
Experts cite a case description: sth cartons in both English and Chinese languages, the English font somewhat bigger than the Chinese font. One day, an administrative body released "red tape", English fonts must be provided on the packaging box is less than the Chinese font, otherwise, every product a fine number.
For this kind of abstract administrative act, if the "incidental litigation" approach, only after the shops buy goods to sell their goods found by the Executive on its packaging box is greater than the English fonts when Chinese font and be fined, store is defined for the prosecution of the regulatory documents. If, however, the normative documents, once published, all the stores that use this box of merchandise not purchased, resulting in production of this commodity businesses large amounts of goods piling up in warehouses, sold out and had to complete demolition and boxes of these goods, rework and replacement, its huge losses.
But the manufacturers are not subject to administrative penalties (no specific administrative acts) and not the institution of administrative proceedings. Although the normative documents in manifest violation of--its entry into force does not allow people to sell the original product, violating legal principles of regulatory documents shall not be retroactive, which causes huge losses relative to a person.
"This situation should provide a remedy for relative: If the corresponding abstract administrative act without a specific administrative act is likely to cause harm to the relative's legal rights relative person may initiate proceedings directly to the abstract administrative behavior, request the people's Court to withdraw the abstract administrative acts or confirm the abstract administrative action against the law, in order to avoid the occurrence of actual damage. "Jiang Mingan said.
"The case", according to Xinhua, Shu mei Te chemical fibre company limited in wangjiang County in Anhui Province was introduced by the local government a business and put into production in January 2008 by the provincial environmental protection department approval allows the company, instead, the company's emissions are bad, have serious impact on the local environment and people's lives.
To this end, the local villagers on the Anhui provincial environmental protection Department told the Court, pointing out that approval of the local environmental protection departments programs illegal, legal error, and should be removed. Shushan Court of first instance considered the case, carried out after the local environmental protection departments in processing enterprises to apply for approval before public announcements, "EIA letter" the facts are clear, legitimate procedures, dismissed the villagers ' requests for administrative proceedings.
5
Governments above the county level have been sued by the intermediate people's Court jurisdiction
High people's Court can determine the number of grass-roots people's courts across the administrative jurisdiction as courts of first instance over administrative cases.
Local people's Governments at and above the county level shall initiate cases against specific administrative acts undertaken by, governed by the intermediate people's Court.
Jiang Mingan (Professor): cross-administrative jurisdiction of first instance cases in lower courts for breaking the dilemma of intervention will have a more important role. However, this initiative is unlikely to completely resolve the problem of local interventions. To resolve interference problems, must also reform and judicial reform of personnel management system and the reform of the justice system. If future local judicial organs over the right to collect, the District Court set out of the local administrative area reform remains necessary.
Otherwise, even if you can't control your accusation of the Court, you still shit on other people in the County territory, your organization or people in the County, your family still working in the family unit in the County, your child in their school in the County, you will still be difficult to completely get rid of local impacts.
"Case"
In March this year, Shandong pilot "mingaoguan" offsite trial. Pilot intermediate people's Court determines 2-3 the grass-roots level as set by the Court a Court of competent jurisdiction, jurisdiction of other grass-roots courts in areas under the jurisdiction of administrative litigation.
6
Administrative litigation in civil court may consider
Administrative proceedings, client application to address the specific administrative acts affecting civil rights and obligations arising from a civil dispute, the people's Court may consider. Decide to consider the people's Court, the civil parties may not dispute again file a civil suit.
Parties in civil disputes the decision made by the executive authorities don't bring an administrative action, the people's Court according to the application for civil disputes with trial.
Spring Hawk (national people's Congress, Deputy Director of the HKMAO): currently, some specific administrative disputes arising, often accompanied by related civil disputes. Both types of disputes in accordance with the administrative procedure law and the civil procedure law incorporated separately, trials, respectively, waste of judicial resources, and some lead to cycles of litigation affecting judicial efficiency, is not conducive to protecting the legitimate rights and interests of the parties.
Ma Huaide: civil and administrative cases of cross-administrative litigation practice is a very big problem. Most of such cases in the past are incorporated separately, trial, sentencing, which easily causes inconsistent judgments and conflicting issues. Sometimes this also face lost in administrative litigation, civil litigation, delay in the proceedings carried out. It's not conducive to resolving the dispute, can also lead to inconsistency between the judgment, the modified would solve this problem.
According to local media reports, in April 2012, the Shanghai private "Museum" by forced demolition, Lord loss valued at hundreds of millions of collectibles, notice to Minhang District Government claims 289 million dollars, arising from the evictions Act lawsuit is known as "the most expensive ever mingaoguan." At present, the case is still pending.
7
Administrative punishment unjust judgements of the Court changes
Obviously unfair administrative punishment, or other specific administrative acts relating to amounts determined or determined that there is an error, the people's Court can sentence changes. Change of court judgements, shall not add to the plaintiff's obligations or reduce the plaintiff's interests. Interested persons as plaintiffs, and claim the opposite are excluded.
Ma Huaide (Vice President of the China University of politics and law): the existing administrative procedural law, only government departments administrative penalties obviously unfair, while hearing administrative cases, the Court can change. Draft decision expanded the scope of change. Seen from the content in the current provisions, already covered by administrative charges, permits, the range of administrative enforcement and other administrative ruling. This provision if passed, for the legal supervision of government action will have a significant effect, administrative ruling prompted the Government to do more careful court supervision to all types of administrative ruling Government play an important role.
8
Court not to receive petition those responsible will be punished
For not receiving the indictment, after receiving the indictment without giving a written document, and not a one-time informed correction of complaint by the parties, the parties to the superior court complaint, the superior court shall be ordered to correct and directly responsible and other persons directly responsible shall be given disciplinary actions.
Yang Jianshun (Professor of law at Renmin University): draft amendment, use the "complaints" Word, it means that its forms are more flexible.
If it's "complaints", then it has a certain procedural requirements, "complaint" means, is to get the message to a higher court.
Subject does not receive not written pleadings, upon receiving a complaint from vouchers, as well as one-time notifying correction complaint, the party concerned may appeal will reach a higher court, which will reinforce superior court referee Guide.
Superior Court judge to steer right, which is summarized on the basis of past experience, forming a draft law, is the embodiment of the standardization on the operational processes.
"The case", according to China Newsweek reported in early July 2009, Beijing lawyer Wang Ling because of collapsed buildings in Shanghai Deputy party sued the city's Minhang district, cases involving government departments, to Minhang District Court case. The Office-Court judge refused to file, but the reasons given are: the defendant District Government is to get you to calm down, so we're not registered.
9
Found problem sentence prosecutors protest
The Supreme People's Procuratorate to courts at all levels have been legally effective judgments or orders, superior Procuratorate to subordinates are legally effective judgments or orders of the Court, found a retrial statutory, should be challenged. Local procuratorates to peer is legally effective judgments or orders of the Court, retrial legal cases are discovered, may propose to the Court Procurator at the same level, and higher public prosecutor's Office record; you can also remind the higher public prosecutor's Office to protest actions in the courts at the same level.
Spring Hawk: the existing provisions of the administrative procedure law, prosecutors have the right to exercise legal supervision over administrative proceedings. Had been legally effective judgments or orders, found to have violated laws and regulations, right to protest. New civil procedure code, as amended on procuratorial supervision of the processing of civil litigation, the administrative procedure law in this context refers to the civil procedure law amended.
Ma Huaide: current law raised in the public prosecutor's Office had been legally effective judgments or orders of the Court, found to have violated laws and regulations, in conformity with the procedure for trial supervision challenged. Specific protest provisions are vague, not provided for in the draft so detailed. Procuratorates protest in this part of the draft said the level of more specific and focused on higher procuratorates protest in the courts below, sibling sibling procuratorial recommendations made by the Court Prosecutor's Office only to apply for higher procuratorates protest. This is considered to the Procuratorate at the same level with the Government, the courts at the same level at the same level there is an inextricable link between, limited effects on a sibling protested, so by higher procuratorates protest, more vigorous monitoring of the lower courts and Government departments.
10
Officials of refusing to execute judgments to arrest the Executive
People's Court refused to comply with the judgement, the executive authorities can be determined, the conciliation statement shall be published. Refusing to comply with the judgement, determination, mediation, social influence, the administrative organs, the people's Court may direct liable persons in charge and other direct liable persons shall be detained so serious as to constitute a crime, criminal responsibility shall be investigated according to law.
Ying Songnian (President of administrative law of China Law Society): currently, some grass-roots administrative body without executing the Court's judgment, it is an act of defiance of the law. Existing administrative procedural law, refuse to satisfy a judgment or order of the executive authorities, mainly fines, or to the upper-level administrative organs of the Executive or supervisory, personnel authorities propose judicial suggestions, not very harsh punitive measures. Draft administrative authorities refused to carry out judgments or orders, the conciliation statement shall be published, social influence, the executive authorities can be direct liable persons in charge and other direct liable persons detained are very severe disciplinary measures.
Project Manager Wang Siping hydropower development in Longnan of Gansu province years ago in tanchang County invest in the development of water resources, the local development and Reform Commission, the same project was awarded to another firm, for which he will be the local development and Reform Commission to court. 4 years after the win, but enforcement is difficult.
This version of writing/Beijing News reporter Xing Shiwei
(Original title: "mingaoguan" courts may review the "red tape")
行政诉讼俗称“民告官”。行政诉讼法修正案草案23日提请十二届全国人大常委会第六次会议审议。这是自1989年通过后，这部“民告官”法的首次修改。总共51条的修正案草案，表明立法机关决定对这部法律进行大幅度修改，着力解决行政诉讼中“立案难、审理难、执行难”等问题。
征地拆迁侵权 纳入行政诉讼
【草案】
法院受理公民、法人或者其他组织提起的下列诉讼：
认为行政机关侵犯其依法享有的土地、矿藏、水流、森林、山岭、草原、荒地、滩涂、海域等自然资源的所有权或者使用权的。
认为行政机关侵犯其经营自主权或者农村土地承包经营权的。
认为行政机关违法集资、征收征用财产、摊派费用或者违法要求履行其他义务的。
认为行政机关侵犯其他人身权、财产权等合法权益的。
【解读】 姜明安(北京大学教授)：现在修改稿第12条增加的几类行为，如没收违法所得、行政强制执行、变更、撤销、撤回行政许可、违法集资、征收征用财产等，并非对受案范围的扩大，按照原法第11条第8项，相对人“认为行政机关侵犯其他人身权、财产权的”，同样可诉，只是原法没有明确列举。
列举对于扩大行政诉讼受案范围并不是一个好办法，即使再列举若干种，仍然会有很多遗漏。好的做法就是不列举可诉行为，只列举不可诉行为。除了不可诉行为，其他都是受案范围，这对相对人最有利。当然，受案范围如果仍必须采用正面列举和负面清单相结合的方法，则多列举一些可诉行为自然比少列举一些好，特别是对那些最广泛、最经常、最直接涉及公民权益，从而最可能侵害公民权益的行政行为，应尽量多列入。
【案例】 据新华社报道，吉林省社会科学院副院长黄文艺介绍，吉林省一地级市有个不成文的规定，涉及拆迁事件，百姓到法院起诉，不予立案，这也就客观造成“民告官”立案难。
“民告官”案可口头起诉
起诉应当向人民法院递交起诉状，并按照被告人数提出副本。书写起诉状确有困难的，可以口头起诉，由人民法院记入笔录，出具注明日期的书面凭证，并告知对方当事人。
【解读】 姜明安：修改稿规定口头起诉是为了方便不会写起诉状的老百姓，是司法便民的体现。口头起诉并不会导致滥诉，因为诉讼是要交诉讼费的。
杨建顺(中国人民大学法学教授)：口头起诉是一种特殊关照，有一定的现实意义，随着国民教育水平的提高，不能书写起诉状的越来越少了，法律在关注了大多数人利益诉求的同时，也同时考虑到了个别的特殊情况，进行了安排，更加人性化、科学理性，维护了社会弱势群体的诉讼权利。
随着诉讼走向规范化、程序化，应该更加重视书面文书的效力，口头起诉相对还是具有一定的随意性。因此在口头起诉前限制了条件，并非谁都可以进行口头起诉，只能在特殊情况下，照顾特殊群体的特殊诉求，保障诉权。
起诉状有啥错 法院应全告知
人民法院应当在接到起诉状时当场予以登记，并出具注明日期的书面凭证。起诉状内容欠缺或有其他错误的，应当给予指导和释明，并一次性告知当事人补正。不得未经指导和释明即以起诉不符合条件为由不受理。
【解读】 杨建顺：这是一种程序化的明确规定，是在原本发条的基础之上进行了具体的量化。实际上这样的规定在行政许可法中对于行政机关有类似要求，将大大提高案件受理的时效性，通过明确的程序，提高效率，将行政过程当中的程序理念引入到了行政诉讼法中，用注明日期的书面凭证，给法院自身一个限制，防止对于案件拖延办理。将原本强调的法官释明权，转化为权利与义务相结合，也是公正程序、正当程序理念的体现，杜绝了法院系统内“门难进、事难办、脸难看”的情况，减少法院行政化。
【案例】 据新华社报道，河南省焦作市一家酒店职工反映，该市工商局仅凭个人提供的虚假材料，就将属于职工的酒店过户给他人。职工为了维权，向焦作市山阳区人民法院提起行政诉讼，结果是法院不予立案。
法院有权认定红头文件违法
公民、法人或者其他组织认为具体行政行为所依据的国务院部门和地方人民政府及其部门制定的规章以外的规范性文件不合法，在对具体行政行为提起诉讼时，可以一并请求对该规范性文件进行审查。
人民法院在审理行政案件中，发现上述规范性文件不合法的，不作为认定具体行政行为合法的依据，并应当转送有权机关依法处理。
【解读】
为何不直接否定“红头文件”？
姜明安介绍，“规章以下的规范性文件”就是平时所说的“红头文件”。所谓“有权机关”是指依法对这些“红头文件”享有审查、撤销或改变权限的机关。
为何此次修法不直接授权法院否定“红头文件”？姜明安认为这是基于两个考虑。一是出于国家机关分工的考虑，制定、改变或者撤销“红头文件”是行政职权的范畴，审查“红头文件”合法性是法院职权的范畴。
二是行政机关具有行政管理的专门知识和经验，且“红头文件”大多涉及的是政策问题而非法律问题，由行政机关自己改变或者撤销“红头文件”可能比由法院改变或者撤销更为适当。
“当然，法院在审判过程中不适用相应的‘红头文件’，实质上就是否定它。行政机关事实上必须对有问题的‘红头文件’予以改变或撤销。否则，如果行政相对人再以具体行政行为违法而告到法院，它还要败诉。”姜明安说。据新华社电
“红头文件”能否单独被诉？
姜明安等多位法学专家曾建议对“红头文件”可以“有限直接诉”，即在一般情形下，行政相对人对抽象行政行为只能“附带诉”，但如果相应规范性文件不经具体行政行为即可造成对相对人合法权益的损害，相对人则可直接对该抽象行政行为提起诉讼。
专家举出一个案例予以说明：某商品包装箱有中英两种文字，其英文字体稍大于中文字体。某日，一行政机关发布“红头文件”，规定商品包装箱上的英文字体必须小于中文字体，否则，每件商品罚款若干。
对于这种抽象行政行为，如果采用“附带诉”的方式，只有当商店购买商品后出售商品被行政机关发现其商品包装箱上的英文字体大于中文字体并对之予以罚款时，商店才能对该规范性文件起诉。但是，如果该规范性文件一经发布，所有商店即不购进使用这种包装箱的商品，致使生产该商品的企业大量商品积压在仓库，卖不出去，不得不把这些商品的包装箱全部拆除、重做和更换，其损失巨大。
但是该生产企业却因没有受到行政处罚(没有具体行政行为)而不能提起行政诉讼。尽管该规范性文件明显违法——其没有让相对人卖掉原有商品就生效，违反了规范性文件不得溯及既往的法律原则，从而导致相对人的巨大损失。
“对这种情形应为相对人提供一个救济途径：如果相应抽象行政行为不经具体行政行为就可能造成对相对人合法权益的损害，相对人可直接对该抽象行政行为提起诉讼，请求人民法院撤销该抽象行政行为或确认该抽象行政行为违法，以避免实际损害的发生。”姜明安说。
【案例】 据新华社报道，安徽省望江县舒美特化纤股份有限公司是当地政府引进的一家企业，2008年1月经省环保厅批复允许该公司投产，然而该公司排放的废气十分难闻，给当地环境和百姓生活带来了严重影响。
为此，当地村民将安徽省环保厅告上法院，指出当地环保部门的审批行为程序违法、运用法律错误，应予撤销。该案一审合肥市蜀山区法院审理认为，当地环保部门在受理企业申请后进行了审批前公示，“环评函”行为事实清楚，程序合法，于是驳回了村民行政诉讼的请求。
县以上政府被诉由中级法院管辖
高级人民法院可以确定若干基层人民法院跨行政区域管辖第一审行政案件。
对县级以上地方人民政府所作的具体行政行为提起诉讼的案件，由中级人民法院管辖。
姜明安(北京大学教授)：基层法院跨行政区域管辖一审案件对于打破地方干预的困境会有较重要的作用。但是，仅有这一举措是不可能完全解决地方干预问题的。要解决地方干预问题，还必须进行体制改革和司法机关人财物管理体制的改革以及法官制度的改革。即使未来实现地方司法机关人财物权上收，地方法院脱离地方行政区域设置的改革仍然是必要的。
否则，地方即使管不了你法院的人财物，你还在人家县里的地盘上吃喝拉撒，你的组织关系还在人家县里，你的家人还在人家县里的单位工作，你的小孩还在人家县里的学校上学，你就还是难于完全摆脱地方的影响。
【案例】
今年3月，山东试点“民告官”异地审理。试点中级法院可确定2-3个基层法院作为集中管辖法院，管辖辖区内其他基层法院管辖的行政诉讼案件。
民事行政诉讼案法院可一并审理
行政诉讼中，当事人申请一并解决因具体行政行为影响民事权利义务关系引起的民事争议的，人民法院可以一并审理。人民法院决定一并审理的，当事人不得对该民事争议再提起民事诉讼。
当事人对行政机关就民事争议所做的裁决不服提起行政诉讼的，人民法院依申请可以对民事争议一并审理。
信春鹰(全国人大常委会法工委副主任)：当前，有些具体行政为引起的争议，往往伴随着相关的民事争议。这两类争议依照行政诉讼法和民事诉讼法分别立案，分别审理，浪费了司法资源，有的还导致循环诉讼，影响司法效率，不利于保护当事人的合法权益。
马怀德：民行交叉案件是行政诉讼实践中很大的问题。过去此类案件大多是分别立案、审理、判决，这种做法很容易会造成判决的不一致和冲突的问题。有的时候，这种情况还面临行政诉讼输了，又打民事诉讼，拖延诉讼执行。这样不利于解决争议，也会导致判决间的不统一，修改后将解决这个问题。
据上海媒体报道，2012年4月，上海一私人“博物馆”遭强拆，主人称丢失价值上亿藏品，告闵行区政府索赔2.89亿元，这次强拆引发的诉讼官司被称为“有史以来最贵民告官案”。目前，案件仍在审理中。
行政处罚不公正法院可判决变更
行政处罚显失公正，或者其他具体行政行为涉及对款额的确定或者认定确有错误的，人民法院可以判决变更。人民法院判决变更，不得加重原告的义务或者减少原告的利益。但利害关系人同为原告，且诉讼请求相反的除外。
马怀德(中国政法大学副校长)：在现行行政诉讼法中，只是对于政府部门的行政处罚显失公正的，法院在审理行政案件时可以变更。草案对判决变更的范围加以扩大。从目前条文中的内容看，已经涉及行政收费、行政许可、行政强制等其他行政裁定范围。该条款如果最终通过，对于政府行为的法制化监督会有重大作用，可以促使政府在做行政裁定时更加审慎，法院也将对政府的各类行政裁定起到重要的监督作用。
法院不接收诉状责任人将获处分
对于不接收起诉状、接收起诉状后不出具书面凭证，以及不一次性告知当事人补正起诉状内容的，当事人可向上级法院投诉，上级法院应当责令改正，并对直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员依法给予处分。
杨建顺(中国人民大学法学教授)：修正案草案中，使用“投诉”一词，也就意味着其形式会更加灵活化。
如果是“申诉”，那么它有一定的程序要求，但是“投诉”的意思，就是把信息传递到上一级法院。
只要符合不接收起诉状、接收起诉状后不出具书面凭证，以及不一次性告知当事人补正起诉状内容的，当事人可以将诉求传达到上一级法院，这将强化上级法院的裁判指导。
原本上级法院就有裁判指导权，这次也是在以往经验的总结基础上，形成了法律草案，是操作流程上规范化的具体体现。
【案例】 据中国新闻周刊报道，2009年7月初，北京律师王令因代理上海塌楼事件当事人诉该市闵行区有关政府部门的案件，到闵行区法院立案。该院立案庭法官拒绝立案，但给出的理由是：被告区政府的意见是让你们冷静一下，所以我们不立案。
发现问题判决检察院应抗诉
最高检对各级法院已发生法律效力的判决、裁定，上级检察院对下级法院已发生法律效力的判决、裁定，发现存在再审法定情形的，应提出抗诉。地方各级检察院对同级法院已发生法律效力的判决、裁定，发现存在再审法定情形的，可向同级法院提出检察建议，并报上级检察院备案；也可以提请上级检察院向同级法院提出抗诉。
信春鹰：现行行政诉讼法规定，检察院有权对行政诉讼实行法律监督。对已经发生法律效力的判决、裁定，发现违反法律、法规规定的，有权提出抗诉。新修订的民事诉讼法对检察机关对民事诉讼的监督进行了细化，此次行政诉讼法在这个方面参照了修改后的民事诉讼法。
马怀德：现行法律中提出的检察院对法院已经发生法律效力的判决、裁定，发现违反法律、法规规定的，有权按照审判监督程序提出抗诉。具体抗诉的条款比较模糊，没有草案中规定的这么细化。草案中这部分内容对检察院抗诉的级别说得比较具体，重点是上级检察院对下级法院抗诉，同级检察院只能向同级法院提出检察建议，申请上级检察院抗诉。这是考虑到同级检察院与同级政府、同级法院之间有着千丝万缕的联系，同级抗诉的效果有限，所以通过上级检察院抗诉，更有力地监督下级法院和政府部门。
拒不执行判决可拘行政官员
人民法院可将行政机关拒绝履行判决、裁定、调解书的情况予以公告。拒不履行判决、裁定、调解书，社会影响恶劣的，人民法院可以对该行政机关直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员予以拘留；情节严重，构成犯罪的，依法追究刑事责任。
应松年(中国法学会行政法学研究会会长)：当前，个别基层行政机关不执行法院判决，是一种藐视法律的行为。现行行政诉讼法中，对于行政机关拒绝履行判决、裁定，主要以罚款，或向该行政机关的上一级行政机关或者监察、人事机关提出司法建议为主，没有很严厉的惩罚措施。草案提出将行政机关拒绝履行判决、裁定、调解书的情况予以公告，社会影响恶劣的，可以对该行政机关直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员予以拘留是非常严厉的惩戒措施。
甘肃省陇南一水电开发项目经理王四平多年前在宕昌县投资开发水利资源，当地发改委将同一项目又批给了另一家企业，为此他将当地发改委告上了法庭。4年后虽然胜诉，但是执行起来很困难。
本版采写/新京报记者 邢世伟
(原标题：“民告官” 法院可审查“红头文件”)
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