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The author:(作者)aaapublished in(发表于) 2013/12/24 8:46:48 Separate operation early next year with the fastest two-child policy， generally two Boy Scout
Yesterday, the 12 session of the national people's Congress, the sixth meeting consideration of the draft resolution on adjusting the perfect family planning policy. State health and family planning Commission Li bin said yesterday that implement a separate two-child policy, further adjustments to improve family planning policy for the future, step by step, regional, urban and rural areas basically the experience of a national family planning policy.
-Draft
1
Why adjusting birth policy?
Keep up with the crowd looking forward to necessary adjustment
Entrusted by the State Council, Planning Commission director Li Wei on the draft resolution on adjusting the perfect maternity policies explained to the 12 session of the national people's Congress at its sixth meeting.
Li said that since the century, important changes in the demographic situation in our country. China's low fertility rate steadily declining. If you maintain the current fertility policy, total fertility rates will continue to decline, the total population will rapidly declining after the peak, affecting long-term balanced population development.
She said, our population structural problems have become increasingly prominent. In 2012, the working-age population began to decline and population aging faster. Sex ratio at birth is on the high side for a long time, nearly 20 years in more than 115, 2012 is still as high as 117.7.
Li suggested that adapt to the new situation of China's population and economic and social development, respect for the law of development of the population, and look forward to conform to the masses, it is necessary to adjust the sound family planning policy. Currently, the low levels of fertility long-term stability in our country, rich in labour resources, social care less taxing, adjust the good reproductive policy conditions are ripe, perfect timing.
2
Resolution drafting process?
Started 5 years ago the State Council research
Since 2008, under the leadership of the State Council, the national population and family planning Commission to start adjusting the perfect birth policy research and preparation, organizing a series of basic research, comparison and selection of the programmes, seek the views of a number of departments.
Since March this year, in accordance with the central demands, the State health and family planning Commission, further deepen the study, perfect. Executive meeting of the State Council, and a member of the Standing Committee, a member of the Conference topic has been equipped family planning policy. 18 adjusting the sound to the third plenary session of the party policy decisions to deploy, clear call "adhere to the basic State policy of family planning, launch party is the policy of one-child couples to have two kids, and gradually perfecting family planning policies, promote long-term balanced population development".
Health Planning Commission to draw up a draft. The Bill has been approved by the State Council and submitted to the national people's Congress Standing Committee's sixth session.
3
Legal enforcement of a separate two-child policy
What are the main contents of the draft?
Submission of the draft resolution, to follow the economic and demographic development of the objective laws of social development, realistically, seriously the demographic situation, family planning and policy based implementation of risk assessments, and approved by the provincial people's Congress or its Standing Committee revised population and family planning regulations or special requirements, legal enforcement of a separate two-child policy.
Offered to earnestly implement the Constitution, the draft resolutions on population and family planning law and other laws and regulations, and adhere to the party "boss" personally, and assume overall responsibility, strengthen family planning work at basic level, increase investment in family planning for rewarding and assisting the family, widely publicize basic national conditions, foreign policies, guide people to consciously practice family planning. Law cracking down on illegal reproductive behavior.
4
Population in 2015 do not exceed the target
New deal will lead to population explosion?
Li bin said that policy adjustments are expected, one born during the population will increase in the future. In 2015, the total population in less than 1.38 billion people, not more than 1.39 billion people "Twelve-Five" planned control target, nor breakthrough vision national population and development objectives.
She also said, the implementation of two-child policy alone, not on China's food safety, as well as large strain on essential public services such as education. Planning is the allocation of resources by 2020 population of 1.43 billion peak in 2033, the total population of 1.5 billion people as the base to develop.
Li pointed out that implementation of separate two-child policy, you can further adjust and improve family planning policy for the future, progressive realization of both urban and rural, regional, and national family planning policy in basically the accumulation of experience, create the conditions.
-Interpreting
Does this mean relaxed family planning?
"Two kids alone" is also a family planning
Lu Jiehua, a Professor of sociology at Peking University, said family planning as a basic State policy is to adhere to for a long time, but insisted on the basic national policy of family planning and adjusting sound family planning policies are not contradictory.
Lu Jiehua pointed out, we're talking about basic national policy of family planning in the past, some people understand is fixed, unchanging, believed to be the town only child. 18 plenary session decided to release a signal, just like we are now talking about two kids alone or generally have two children the basic national policy of family planning in the future. Say does not mean that only a single child is the national policy of family planning, fewer are policy and rights prescribed by law to maternity policy means.
The draft decision proposed to adhere to the party "boss" personally and negative overall responsibility, also investigating the illegal reproductive behavior. People's congresses and their standing committees at all levels should strengthen the population and family planning laws and regulations and supervision and inspection of the implementation of the present resolution.
Lu Jiehua pointed out that substantive departments in particular grass-roots sectors there must be no misunderstanding, can't relax just because policy adjustment of family planning work. Avoid the policy out of this relaxed concentration increased.
When to implement the new deal?
New deal early next year with the fastest implementation
Yesterday, CCTV News said the health planning Commission official said the related provinces, cities and districts in the first quarter of next year will start a separate two-child policy. Subject to policy and his wife may take account of this, identity cards, marriage certificates and one-child parents honor certificates and other materials to street town planning applications before they reproduce. Both simply either province where the account a separate two-child policy, you can apply for.
Health Planning Commission Secretary Yang Wenzhuang says grass-roots family planning guidance, carried out by the local population and family planning departments are thoroughly investigated, in order to fully know the bases of the individual couples and their children, the demographic situation, family planning and policy based implementation of risk assessments, and the perfection of relevant supporting policies. The next step will be adopted by the provincial people's Congress or its Standing Committee revised population and family planning regulations or special requirements, in accordance with the implementation of the two-child policy alone.
According to reports, a legislative procedure was started in Beijing, Yunnan, is actively carried out this research and coordination efforts.
New policy long practised right?
"Two kids alone" is just a transition
Separate two-child policy is a "historic action" means that the one-child policy is going to quit the stage of history. "In the long run, this single two-child policy is universal two-child policy started, even the future urban and rural policy is basically the accumulation of experience, to create the conditions, it is only a first step. "Lu Jiehua believes that from a separate two-child policy, to a possible future implementation generally how long is the road between the two-child policy, remains to be seen whether the first step steady.
National Health Planning Commission member of the Expert Committee, Professor Zhai Zhenwu School of social and population agreed that the people's Congress, according to the "two kids alone" policy, in line with the conditions of the couple gave birth to two children, when children grow up, but only one child, demography will become strange "gourd-type", it will be difficult to continue. Thus, he also believes that alone two children doomed just a transition to open two family planning reform of the child should be the next step.
The total population
In 2015, the total population in less than 1.38 billion people, not more than 1.39 billion people "Twelve-Five" planned control target.
Fertility rates
In the early 1990 of the 20th century, women's total fertility rate drops below replacement level, which now stands at 1.5 per cent.
Labour force
In 2012, the working-age population began to decline, fell 3.45 million over the previous year; after 2023, with an average annual reduction of about 8 million people.
Ageing population
My early 30-the ageing population will reach 400 million, from the current proportion of total population one-seventh to the cent.
Sex ratio
With chronically high sex ratio at birth in China, nearly 20 years more than 115, 2012 up to 117.7.
This version writing Jinghua times, Zhang Ran
(Original title: "two children alone" for the "universal two children" breaker)
昨天，十二届全国人大常委会第六次会议审议了关于调整完善生育政策的决议草案。国家卫生计生委主任李斌昨天表示，实施单独两孩政策，可为今后进一步调整完善生育政策，逐步实现城乡、区域、民族间生育政策的基本统一积累经验。
□草案
为什么调整生育政策？
顺应群众期盼有必要调
受国务院委托，卫计委主任李斌就关于调整完善生育政策的决议草案向十二届全国人大常委会第六次会议作说明。
李斌说，进入本世纪以来，我国人口形势发生了重要变化。我国低生育水平稳中趋降。如果维持现行生育政策，总和生育率将继续下降，总人口在达到峰值后将快速减少，影响人口长期均衡发展。
她说，我国人口结构性问题日益突出。2012年，劳动年龄人口开始减少，而人口老龄化速度加快。出生人口性别比长期偏高，近20年来一直在115以上，2012年仍高达117.7。
李斌提出，适应我国人口与经济社会发展的新形势，尊重人口发展规律，顺应人民群众期盼，有必要调整完善生育政策。当前，我国低生育水平长期稳定，劳动力资源比较丰富，社会抚养负担较轻，调整完善生育政策条件成熟、时机有利。
决议起草经过哪些过程？
国务院5年前启动调研
2008年以来，在国务院的领导下，原国家人口计生委启动调整完善生育政策的研究和准备工作，组织开展了一系列基础性调查研究，进行了多方案的比选，征求了多部门的意见。
今年3月以来，按照中央要求，国家卫生计生委进一步深化研究，完善方案。国务院常务会议、中央政治局常委会、中央政治局会议先后专题讨论了调整完善生育政策工作。党的十八届三中全会作出了调整完善生育政策的决策部署，明确要求“坚持计划生育的基本国策，启动实施一方是独生子女的夫妇可生育两个孩子的政策，逐步调整完善生育政策，促进人口长期均衡发展”。
卫计委起草了草案。草案已经国务院批准，提请全国人大常委会第六次会议审议。
依法实施单独两孩政策
草案主要内容是什么？
决议草案提出，各地要遵循经济社会发展和人口发展的客观规律，从实际出发，认真做好人口形势、计划生育工作基础以及政策实施风险的评估工作，并由省级人大或其常委会通过修订人口与计划生育条例或作出专门规定的方式，依法实施单独两孩政策。
决议草案提出要认真贯彻落实宪法、人口与计划生育法等法律法规，坚持党政“一把手”亲自抓、负总责，加强计划生育基层基础工作，加大对计划生育家庭奖励扶助的力度，广泛宣传基本国情、基本国策，引导群众自觉实行计划生育。依法查处违法生育行为。
2015年人口不会超目标
新政会导致人口激增吗？
李斌说，预计政策调整后，今后一个时期出生人口将适当增加。2015年总人口在13.8亿人以内，不会超过13.9亿人的“十二五”规划控制目标，也不会突破国家人口发展远景规划目标。
她还表示，实施单独两孩政策，不会对我国粮食安全以及教育等基本公共服务造成大的压力。我国资源配置规划是以2020年总人口14.3亿人、2033年前后总人口达到峰值15亿人左右作为基数制定的。
李斌指出，实施单独两孩政策，可以为今后进一步调整完善生育政策，逐步实现城乡、区域、民族间生育政策的基本统一积累经验，创造条件。
□解读
是否意味着放松计划生育？
“单独两孩”也是计划生育
北京大学社会学系教授陆杰华表示，计划生育作为基本国策是要长期坚持的，但是坚持计划生育基本国策和调整完善生育政策并不矛盾。
陆杰华指出，过去我们说计划生育基本国策，一些人理解是固定不变的，认为就是城镇独生子女。十八届三中全会决定释放了一个信号，就是比如我们现在说单独两孩或者将来普遍生两个孩子也是计划生育基本国策。也就是说计划生育并不意味着只有独生是国策、少生是国策，按照法律规定赋予的权利去生育才是国策的根本含义。
《决策》草案提出要坚持党政“一把手”亲自抓、负总责，还要依法查处违法生育行为。各级人民代表大会及其常委会也要加强对人口与计划生育法律法规和本决议实施情况的监督检查。
陆杰华指出，实务部门特别是基层部门一定不能有误解，不能因为政策的调整就放松计划生育工作。避免出现这种放松带来的政策外生育集中增多。
新政何时能够实施？
新政最快明年初开始实施
昨天，央视新闻称，卫计委相关负责人表示，明年第一季度有关省、市、区将启动单独两孩政策。符合政策夫妇可带户口本、身份证、结婚证和独生子女父母光荣证等材料到街道乡镇计生办申请再生育。双方只需一方户口所在省实施单独两孩政策，就可去申请。
卫计委计划生育基层指导司司长杨文庄表示，各地人口计生部门正在组织开展摸底调查，以全面摸清单独夫妇及其生育子女情况的底数，做好人口形势、计划生育工作基础以及政策实施风险的评估工作，以及相关配套政策的完善。下一步，将由省级人大或其常委会通过修订人口与计划生育条例或作出专门规定的方式，依法实施单独两孩政策。
据介绍，北京、云南等地已启动了立法程序，正在积极开展立法研究论证和协调工作。
新政会长期实行吗？
“单独两孩”只是一个过渡
单独两孩政策是一个“历史性的动作”，意味着独生子女政策将要退出历史舞台。“从长远来看，本次单独两孩政策是为普遍两孩政策启动，甚至未来城乡政策基本统一积累经验，创造条件，这只是第一步。”陆杰华认为，从单独两孩政策，到未来有可能实现的普遍两孩政策之间的路有多长，还要看第一步走得是否稳健。
国家卫生计生委专家委员会委员、人大社会与人口学院教授翟振武也认为，按照“单独两孩”政策，符合条件的夫妇如果生了两个孩子，等孩子长大了却只能生育一个孩子，人口结构将会变成怪异的“葫芦型”，必定难以持续。因此他也认为，单独两孩注定只是一个过渡，全面放开两孩则应该是下一步的计生改革方向。
◎总人口
2015年总人口在13.8亿人以内，不会超过13.9亿人的“十二五”规划控制目标。
◎生育率
20世纪90年代初，我国妇女总和生育率降到更替水平以下，目前为1.5至1.6。
◎劳动人口
2012年，劳动年龄人口开始减少，比上年减少345万人；2023年以后，年均减少约800万人。
◎老龄人口
我国老龄人口本世纪30年代初将达到4亿，占总人口的比例将从目前的1/7提高到1/4。
◎性别比
我国出生人口性别比长期偏高，近20年来一直在115以上，2012年仍高达117.7。
本版采写京华时报记者张然
（原标题：“单独两孩”为“普遍两孩”探路）
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