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The author:(作者)aaapublished in(发表于) 2013/12/24 8:47:30 Some provinces next year alone two children， generally two Boy Scout
The Beijing news yesterday, 12 session of the national people's Congress Standing Committee sixth meeting to consider the resolution on adjusting the perfect maternity policies of the State Council (draft). National health and family planning Commission Li bin description on behalf of the State Council, said that after the implementation of the two-child policy alone, for a time, births will increase, total population in 2015, less than 1.38 billion people, but not more than 1.39 billion people "Twelve-Five" planning control objectives will not break through the national population and development vision goals.
According to Xinhua News Agency, national health family planning Commission Secretary Yang Wenzhuang said 23rd grass-roots family planning guidance, currently around is to start "two kids alone" policy efforts are expected in some provinces can be implemented in the first quarter of next year.
Yang Wenzhuang said that carried out by the local population and family planning departments are thoroughly investigated, in order to fully know the bases of the individual couples and their children, the demographic situation, family planning and policy based implementation of risk assessments, and the perfection of relevant supporting policies. The next step will be adopted by the provincial people's Congress or its Standing Committee revised population and family planning regulations or special requirements, in accordance with the implementation of the two-child policy alone.
He said State Health Commission will guide further strengthen basic work, strengthen the construction of family planning technical service institutions, maternity and child care institutions, comprehensive free prepregnancy genetic health inspections. Relevant institutions will focus on compliance with the policy of elderly couples provide better quality of service, reducing the risk of older mothers pregnancy childbirth.
CCTV reported that the medical Planning Commission official said the first quarter of next year, in line with all couples, only one province where the account "two kids alone" policy may apply before they reproduce. Couple can take account of this, identity cards, marriage certificates and one-child parents honor certificates and other materials, to streets in township family planning through the application.
"Focus 1"
Fertility policy how to adjust?
NPC gatekeeper "two-child policy alone"
Previously, some parts of the country have started "two-child policy" as diverse as birth policy. Provisions such as Hebei, Shanxi, rural couples had their first baby is a girl, can bear only one child. Hainan, Yunnan, Qinghai, Ningxia, Xinjiang and other provisions in 5 provinces, rural residents can have two children.
The CPC Central Committee on several major issues of comprehensive reform decision is made, start implementing party policy of one-child couples to have two children. The policy with such local fertility policy convergence?
Li bin said, should first assess policy implementation risk, "to follow the economic and demographic development of the objective laws of social development, realistically, seriously the demographic situation, family planning and policy based implementation of risk assessments."
Zhihou, around the two-child policy alone require the approval of provincial-level people's Congress or its Standing Committee checks, "adopted by the provincial people's Congress or its Standing Committee revised population and family planning regulations or special requirements, legal enforcement of a separate two-child policy."
Li stressed that separate two-child policy implemented at the same time, you must adhere to the basic State policy of family planning, "the party ' number one ' personally, and overall responsibility, increase investment in family planning for rewarding and assisting the family, leading people to consciously practice family planning. Cracking down on illegal reproductive behavior in accordance with ";" a local people's Congress and its Standing Committee to strengthen laws and regulations on population and family planning and the supervision and inspection of the implementation of the present resolution ".
"The focus of 2"
Why adjusting birth policy?
The status quo of the total population will quickly reduce
Why modification of the existing family planning policy, "two children alone" policy?
Li bin reading, mainly for two reasons: low birth rate steadily declining interest in the early 1990 of the 20th century, women's total fertility rate dropped to below replacement level, which now stands at 1.5~1.6, maintaining the current family planning policy, total fertility rates will continue to fall, the total population will rapidly declining after the peak, affected populations and balanced development for a long time. Population structural problems have become increasingly prominent, in 2012, the working-age population began to decline, reduced to 3.45 million people last year, after 2023, with an average annual reduction of about 8 million people, population ageing at an accelerated pace, the early 30-400 million, accounted for the proportion of the total population will increase from the current one-seventh to one-fourth. Sex ratio at birth is on the high side for a long time, nearly 20 years in more than 115, 2012 is still as high as 117.7.
To prevent these problems, according to Li bin introduced, starting in 2008, the national population and family planning Commission to start adjusting the perfect birth policy research and preparation, organizing a series of basic research, comparison and selection of the programmes, seek the views of a number of departments. Since March this year, Executive meeting of the State Council, and a member of the Standing Committee, a member of the Conference topic has been equipped family planning policy.
Li said that the current, low levels of fertility long-term stability in our country, rich in labour resources, social care less taxing, adjust the good reproductive policy conditions are ripe, perfect timing.
"Focus 3"
After adjustment for what would be the effect?
Not to teach health employment pressure
Many people feared that two children alone after the implementation of the policy, will lead to birth orgasm? Which impact on the education, health, employment and so on? Li bin said that policy adjustments are expected, for a time, born population would increase. But by 2015, will be 1.38 billion people within the total population, not more than 1.39 billion people "Twelve-Five" planning control objectives will not break through the national population and development vision goals.
Li stressed that food security in our country, as well as basic public services planning, the allocation of resources, are set to achieve 2020 the total population of 1.43 billion peak in 2033, the total population of about 1.5 billion people as a base to develop. Therefore, a separate two-child policy, not on China's food security and basic public services such as education, health, employment pressure.
She believes that implementation of the two-child policy alone, "perfection can be adjusted for future birth policies, gradually achieved between urban and rural, regional, national family planning policy in basically the accumulation of experience, to create the conditions".
"Possibility" 1
Adjusting the family planning policy to be approved by the national people's Congress?
"Is the rule of law demands"
Third plenary session of the decision, put forward the "two kids alone" policy requiring "launch party was the policy of one-child couples to have two children, gradually adjust the sound family planning policies, promote long-term balanced population development".
Demographers, Lu Jiehua, a Professor of sociology at Beijing University said that, in the above context, separate two-child policy implemented, must through the national people's Congress, "it must follow the legal process, is the rule of law requires. "He said, December 29, 2001, the Standing Committee of the ninth national people's Congress at its 25th meeting, attended by the population and family planning law, which provides that" China is a populous country, family planning is a basic national policy. " Concrete measures by the provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Standing Committee of the national people's Congress or its provisions. Therefore, adjustments to the existing family planning as a national policy, why affect the quality adjustment, adjustment, adjustment, the State Department must report to the national people's Congress, by the national people's Congress.
"Construction" 2
Basic national policy of family planning will be changed?
"Still adhere to the basic national policy of family planning"
Plenary session the decision made "two kids alone" policy, stressing that "stick to the basic State policy of family planning." Yesterday, the State of health and family planning Commission Li bin when you make a report to the national people's Congress, has repeatedly stressed that "adhere to the basic State policy of family planning." From advocating one child to "two kids alone", "stick to the basic State policy of family planning" will be changed?
"The connotation of the basic national policy of family planning will vary with the law of development of economic and social development, population. "The demographers, Lu Jiehua, a Professor of sociology at Peking University said, advocating" one couple, one child "is the basic national policy of family planning content; the current" two kids alone "policy connotation of the basic national policy of family planning," connotation of the basic national policy of family planning, and constantly adjust as the national circumstances, changes in public sentiment. ”
A10-A11 Edition interviews (among named things)/Beijing News reporter Wang Shu
(Original title: "two kids alone" for the "universal two-child" Pathfinder (1)
新京报讯 昨日，十二届全国人大常委会第六次会议审议国务院《关于调整完善生育政策的决议(草案)》。国家卫生和计划生育委员会主任李斌代表国务院作说明时表示，实施单独两孩政策后，今后一个时期，出生人口将适当增加，2015年总人口在13.8亿人以内，但不会超过13.9亿人的“十二五”规划控制目标，也不会突破国家人口发展远景规划目标。
据新华社报道，国家卫生计生委计划生育基层指导司司长杨文庄23日表示，目前各地正在为启动“单独两孩”政策积极努力，预计部分省份明年一季度可以实施。
杨文庄说，各地人口计生部门正在组织开展摸底调查，以全面摸清单独夫妇及其生育子女情况的底数，做好人口形势、计划生育工作基础以及政策实施风险的评估工作，以及相关配套政策的完善。下一步，将由省级人大或其常委会通过修订人口与计划生育条例或作出专门规定的方式，依法实施单独两孩政策。
他说，国家卫生计生委将指导地方进一步加强基层基础工作，加强计生技术服务机构、妇幼保健机构建设，全面开展免费孕前优生健康检查工作。各地相关机构将注重为符合政策的高龄夫妇提供更优质的服务，降低高龄产妇怀孕分娩的风险。
另据央视报道，卫计委相关负责人称，明年第一季度，符合政策的夫妇，只需一方户口所在省实施“单独两孩”政策，就可申请再生育。夫妇俩可以带户口本、身份证、结婚证和独生子女父母光荣证等材料，到街道乡镇计生办申请。
【焦点1】
生育政策如何调整？
各地人大把关“单独两孩政策”
此前，我国一些地区已启动“两孩政策”等不同的生育政策。例如河北、山西等地规定，农村夫妇生育第一个孩子为女孩的，可以再生育一个孩子。海南、云南、青海、宁夏、新疆等5省区规定，农村居民可生育两个孩子。
《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》则提出，启动实施一方是独生子女的夫妇可生育两个孩子的政策。该政策如何跟上述地方生育政策衔接？
李斌表示，各地首先应评估政策实施风险，“各地要遵循经济社会发展和人口发展的客观规律，从实际出发，认真做好人口形势、计划生育工作基础以及政策实施风险的评估工作”。
之后，各地的单独两孩政策必须经由省级人大或其常委会把关，“由省级人大或其常委会通过修订人口与计划生育条例或作出专门规定的方式，依法实施单独两孩政策”。
李斌强调，单独两孩政策实施同时，必须坚持计划生育基本国策，“党政‘一把手’亲自抓、负总责，加大对计划生育家庭奖励扶助的力度，引导群众自觉实行计划生育。依法查处违法生育行为”；“各级人民代表大会及其常委会要加强对人口与计划生育法律法规和本决议实施情况的监督检查”。
【焦点2】
为何调整生育政策？
维持现状总人口将快速减少
为什么调整现行生育政策，作出“单独两孩”决策？
李斌解读称，主要出于两方面原因：低生育水平稳中趋降，20世纪90年代初，我国妇女总和生育率降到更替水平以下，目前为1.5～1.6，如果维持现行生育政策，总和生育率将继续下降，总人口在达到峰值后将快速减少，影响人口长期均衡发展。人口结构性问题也日益突出，2012年，劳动年龄人口开始减少，比上年减少345万人，2023年以后，年均减少约800万人，人口老龄化速度加快，本世纪30年代初达到4亿，占总人口的比例将从目前的1/7提高到1/4。出生人口性别比长期偏高，近20年来一直在115以上，2012年仍高达117.7。
为防止这些问题，据李斌介绍，自2008年起，原国家人口计生委启动调整完善生育政策的研究和准备工作，组织开展了一系列基础性调查研究，进行了多方案的比选，征求了多部门的意见。今年三月以来，国务院常务会议、中央政治局常委会、中央政治局会议先后专题讨论了调整完善生育政策工作。
李斌说，当前，我国低生育水平长期稳定，劳动力资源比较丰富，社会抚养负担较轻，调整完善生育政策条件成熟、时机有利。
【焦点3】
调整后会有哪些影响？
不会对教卫就业造成大压力
不少人曾担心，单独两孩政策实施后，会引发生育高潮？继而对教育、卫生、就业等造成影响？李斌表示，预计政策调整后，今后一个时期，出生人口将适当增加。但至2015年，总人口将在13.8亿人以内，不会超过13.9亿人的“十二五”规划控制目标，也不会突破国家人口发展远景规划目标。
李斌强调说，我国粮食安全以及基本公共服务资源配置规划，均是以2020年总人口14.3亿人、2033年前后总人口达到峰值15亿人左右作为基数制定的。因此，实施单独两孩政策，不会对我国粮食安全以及教育、卫生、就业等基本公共服务造成大的压力。
李斌认为，实施单独两孩政策，“可以为今后进一步调整完善生育政策，逐步实现城乡、区域、民族间生育政策的基本统一积累经验，创造条件”。
【释疑】1
调整计生政策为何要经人大审议？
“是依法治国的要求”
三中全会《决定》，提出了“单独两孩”政策，要求“启动实施一方是独生子女的夫妇可生育两个孩子的政策，逐步调整完善生育政策，促进人口长期均衡发展”。
人口学家、北京大学社会学系教授陆杰华表示，在上述前提下，单独两孩政策的实施，必须通过人大审议，“这是必须走的法律程序，是依法治国的要求。”他说，2001年12月29日的第九届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十五次会议，审议通过了人口与计划生育法，其中提出，“我国是人口众多的国家，实行计划生育是国家的基本国策”。具体办法由省、自治区、直辖市人民代表大会或者其常务委员会规定。因此，如果对现行的计划生育这一国策作出调整，那么为何调整、如何调整、调整将带来什么影响，国务院必须向全国人大常委会报告，由全国人大常委会审议。
【释疑】2
计划生育基本国策会有变化吗？
“仍坚持计生基本国策”
三中全会《决定》提出“单独两孩”政策前，强调“坚持计划生育的基本国策”。昨日，国家卫生和计划生育委员会主任李斌向全国人大常委会作报告时，也屡次强调“坚持计划生育的基本国策”。从提倡生一个孩子变为“单独两孩”，“坚持计划生育的基本国策”会有变化吗？
“计划生育基本国策的内涵，会随着经济社会发展形势、人口发展规律而变化。”人口学家、北京大学社会学系教授陆杰华表示，提倡“一对夫妇生一个孩子”是计划生育基本国策的内涵；目前的“单独两孩”政策也是计划生育基本国策的内涵，“计划生育基本国策的内涵，会随着国情、社情的变化而不断调整。”
A10版-A11版采写(除署名外)/新京报记者 王姝
(原标题：“单独两孩”为“普遍两孩”探路(1))
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