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The author:(作者)aaapublished in(发表于) 2014/7/27 17:45:29 Moon， Chief Architect， first： all substances except meat 97% recycling
Supplement school lecture A19
Both China and the world have a lot of the manned space program and planning. Next you will have the opportunity to "a trip to the Moon", there may be a younger generation of people prefer to travel to Mars to Mars even immigrants, to be a Martian.
But survival requirements of humans in space is a lot of conditions. First of all, there is a big difference between space and Earth. Outside the space capsule is a vacuum, there are a lot of radiation, so radiation. Also have a closed environment protected people, this needs a cabin environment control system.
We all eat, drink, breathe the gas must cross, all manufactured there, which requires a life-support system to complete this function.
In space, gravity is vary, possibly microgravity might be partial gravity, watch where you go. Where we work in an orbiting space station, possibly microgravity, if on some planets, such as on the Moon, gravity may be one-sixth, health and psychology, this will cause problems, so they need the health insurance system.
Cabin environmental control systems, life support systems, health care systems is the existence of humans in space capsules must have three systems I looked at the life support system.
China's first artificial closed ecological life support system "the moon first" made-up food recycling waste successfully completed 105 days many people confined trials
Listen to Chief Designer on "the Moon" live
What are the life support systems in space?
Space required on three piece: oxygen, water, food
Life-support system's function is to meet the material necessary to human survival in space. If you put a man into space, so when he chose to bring only one, I think a lot of people will firmly choose the oxygen because it is our first need.
If you also have a second species, I think a lot of people do not take gold and silver because there, it's worthless, you may choose water, water is the second important matter we need in life.
If you can have a third species, perhaps members may say to take something to eat, because it is the third important material needs of human beings. These substances are very cheap in our lives, but for space, and the cheap stuff is very expensive.
In addition, we ate, drank and was gasping for air then there must have been a waste, such waste is not just waste, such as human waste, household water discharge, as well as carbon dioxide, we waste disposal must be done. It is the dialectic, of course, waste, on the other hand is a resource. Guaranteeing the supply of oxygen, water and food is the life support system of all of the features of the system.
How to guarantee supply: cellular and regenerative
There are many ways of life-support, we can summarize it into two categories: the first category is handy, the other is a regenerative life support system.
So-called portable is what a person needs three things all carry. We can work it out, an astronaut, if his metabolic strength is 2800 calories, then he needs oxygen every day 0.83 kg, release 0.95 kg of carbon dioxide, in addition to 15 kilograms of water is needed, as well as about 0.65 kg of food, totals are 16.4 kg. This is the quantity a person a day, if it is for one year, that is about 6 tons. If 3 people, 5 people, 10 people, this volume is very large.
To get those supplies to the space station take 360 million Yuan, transported to the moon to be 3.6 billion yuan and sent to Mars to 36 billion yuan, this is the one. We went to the space at least 3 people. If we go to Mars, at least as currently designed is 6 people. You can see, it is rather a lot, the richest country in the world is unable to bear such costs. In addition, the ships do not make large unlimited, also by the limited launch window, so for a base on the Moon, Mars and other portable is technically difficult to achieve.
Portable harder to achieve, therefore must be recycled. That is where they are either in the cabin or on the Moon or on Mars, the need for in-situ recycling and recycling of these substances. Life support system is the physical regeneration of the station, is a regenerative life support system. Regenerative life support system consists of physico-chemical regenerative life support systems and bio-regenerative life support system.
Two big life insurance physico-chemical regenerative life support systems
Mainly physical regeneration of the space station's life-support systems. On a space station, after a person breathes in oxygen, emits carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide is collected, collected into a reactor, and p. c. Sabatier reactor. The reactor needs another kind of material is hydrogen. Astronauts will produce urine, urine collection urine system after treatment, and access to water.
The water enters the water system, water electrolysis to produce hydrogen, also arrived in p. c. Sabatier reactor, carbon dioxide reacts with water. Water electrolysis also produces oxygen, oxygen can supply the astronauts to breathe.
P. c. Sabatier reactor produces water, water purification systems, purification after entering drinking water storage tank, this part of water for people to drink. So we really should not think of astronauts drinking urine, treated water. Urine water after treatment are used for water electrolysis for oxygen, not to drink, the astronauts drink purified air and condensate.
The station's life-support system is the physical regeneration. Physico-chemical regeneration systems are actually some of the material is discharged, which is not all that could be recycled, its recycling rate can reach 70%.
Bio-regenerative life support system
Inside the space station, we can deliver something every now and then to give it up, you can meet the basic needs of astronauts. But if we are to build a moon base, Mars base to be built, physico-chemical regenerative life support systems are unable to meet demand. Because it can only be regenerated with oxygen and water, but not entirely, it cannot be recycled food. Technical development until now and for the foreseeable future, physico-chemical technology was not renewed food for human waste, or make people psychologically difficult to accept.
To date, only Biological regeneration techniques to regain food wastes through biological treatment, while access to oxygen, and access to water. Research topics--that's my team bio-regenerative life support system.
Our system is based on the principle of eco-system, combined with engineering control technology and bio-technology, animals, plants, micro-organisms are grouped together, combined into an artificial closed ecological system. In this artificial closed ecological systems, needed substances, oxygen, food and water can be recycled, and it has green plants, animals, and people have been used to such an environment. So it is also very useful for human psychology, therefore this technology is necessary for long-term manned space life support technologies.
Prepare for the Moon "the moon first" 105-day survival test
Since 2004, we have undertaken studies to use the space, must be on the ground to do the experiment. In 2013, we have designed a space base Foundation of integrative experimental device of artificial closed ecological life support system, which is its scientific name, we named it "the moon first", so named because in the foreseeable future, it should be first used on the moon.
From February 3, 2014 (new year) started doing experiments, and ended on May 20, the experiment lasted 105 days. "The moon first" formed by two tanks, plants and comprehensive class, apart from every corner of private space in the cabin all corners of bedroom and bathroom are video surveillance, 24-hour monitoring, external monitoring of 24-hour manned, parts of the cabin temperature, humidity, pressure and gas was also a real-time on-line monitoring and data acquisition.
Plant space: coexistence of wheat with ten, produce enough oxygen for human feeding
We plant 21 crops planted in the cabin, which includes 5 kinds of food crops, wheat, bean, peanut, soybean oil and corn.
Cyperus members may not know much about, which is similar to peanut, belonging to oil is vegetable fat. Alternative crops some vegetables, fruits, fruit is strawberry. Compared with other fruits, strawberry growing season is shorter, and its height is low, take up little space.
We filter plants for this system must first consider its height, which is not the same as on the ground, we should consider per unit of volume of production, not the yield per unit area. Another, we have to consider whether the crop is capable of long days, long days are our preferred option, because it grows faster, and in the evening for photosynthesis. We use the method of artificial light sources, using LED lights, combinations of red and white lights, 24-hour lighting, light intensity can be adjusted, we have to pass this test and optimize our technology and process parameters.
In our class we are the three layers of solid cultivation, three layer or multilayer stereo cultivation because its technology is the same. Crop nutrient supply is using a special microporous tube plants need little water, it's from the microporous tube inside out, so there's no waste.
Way to grow plants in this system is totally different on the ground with us, a crop is planted on the ground, received seed for the next crop, some kinds of a stubbly one year, and we are using the semi-continuous culture in batches.
Our system will also present at various growth stages of plants, such as wheat, both kinds of seedlings with long days, is already a dozen days of seedlings, two days ... ... Immediately ready to be harvested, harvesting every 7 days a number of planting a number of ten wheat there. If according to ground traditional of planting way, dang wheat are in first period of when, just species Xia of seed Qian three or four days not for photosynthesis, zhihou of days it long have is slow, photosynthesis strength is low, produced oxygen rarely, had can't days, people on will because carbon dioxide concentration high poisoning died has, or fainting past, so we must batches half continuous planting, each growth stage of are has, such this inside of gas is balanced of. Different batch plants can also always provide fresh food for the crew, and stocks rarely, additional inventory cost reduction.
General class: heterotrophs "supply" of carbon dioxide and fertilizers
"The moon first" comprehensive class was dominated by heterotrophic organisms, including people, animals, and microorganisms. Animals here say is the yellow mealworm, tenebrio Molitor it provides people with animal protein. Microbial waste disposal, all consumption of oxygen. Heterotrophic organisms consume the oxygen and carbon dioxide emissions, the air becomes carbon dioxide-enriched air, we sent it to a plant tank, the plant produces a lot of oxygen with carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, the air becomes oxygen-enriched air, we put it through the integrated cabin air purification before delivered to, so that we can cycle up the gas.
The same way, our water is recycled, space station people drinking water from air condensation, we the people drank water from the system, using water from air condensation water. The evaporation and transpiration by plants during photosynthesis, transpiration evaporation produces water vapor, also your breathing and surface evaporation, as well as waste disposal will have a lot of water vapor, which we obtained by condensation of water vapor condensation water through after purification for human consumption or for sanitary purposes, the extra part of the nutrient solution was prepared for planting.
People washing, washing the dishes, washing the dishes will have a lot of health waste, separately collected is processed after the purification, purification prepared nutrient solution for plant cultivation. We also collect the urine into the acting, while recycling urine to water and nitrogen, a high urea content in the urine, which is what plants need nutrients, our collection is also used for water and nitrogen in plant cultivation. It's complete cycle up to our water, can fully cycle.
Different types of solid waste, plant-like stalks, they eat leaves, there are some leftover rice and human excrement and put them together for biological treatment, it gives off carbon dioxide, we took this carbon dioxide to the plant for photosynthesis, remaining material can be used for plant cultivation, so most of our material can be recycled. In addition, the systems after the bio-fermentation of straw feed with old vegetable leaves tenebrio Molitor, can also get part of the animal proteins.
Material of our entire system, oxygen, food and water can be recycled.
All material except the meat 97% recycling
May 20, we have completed the first bio-regenerative life support system over time many people confined experiments. This system reached a total closure of the 97%, which means that people with all 97% is recycled material, only 3% is foreign aid, mainly meat. While we cultivate tenebrio Molitor, but people can't eat all the yellow mealworm, or need some other meat. Our system of oxygen and water is fully recycled, food recycling 55%.
"The moon first" three men were residents of this experiment, thanked Dr Jane (teacher), Dong Chen is a PhD doctoral student Wang Min-Juan also. Their division of labor is clear, thanks to Jane in this system in addition to serving as captain, will also be responsible for scientific research management work in the cabin, and all the waste disposal, and is responsible for raising yellow mealworm.
Dong Chen is responsible for cultivating wheat, this task is very important because there's a total of 69 meters of planted area, wheat, 40 sqm, wheat is the most important food crop, he decided that three people can not eat enough, adequacy of oxygen. Wang Min-Juan is responsible for 21 species of crops cultivation of all crops except wheat, very large variety. In addition, she will also be responsible for cooking, for our systems, cooking is very special, we should start doing small grains. After harvesting the wheat ground into it, then move on to do pastry. We speculated were not allowed inside the system, smoke is not allowed, so she would use steam or water is the way to make delicious fried rice. Strawberries are the luxuries they cannot supply every day, three days, four days to pick a dish, so when they were eating strawberries like holidays. But the advantage is 105 days five days every three days they were able to eat a dish, which we on the ground are not the same, they are not seasonal.
Aviation technology to change lives
Service and the defense of the island's high desert can use
We studied these technologies for space requirements, primarily used on space, on the ground can also be used to improve our lives. For example, we can take advantage of micro-organisms for real-time online monitoring of water. We of microbial fuel battery in the has bio, microbial in inside activities, if water is normal of, it normal real estate electric, in must of voltage level Shang; if water is toxic of, it will by effects, and electric is with it of life related of, so voltage on will drop down, voltage lowered came to must degree reached we set of warning line on will alarm, can automatically cut water, on does not caused by pollution of water entered families of situation occurred, so this technology in ground Shang will has is wide of application.
This bio-regenerative life support system or application can be found on the ground in many places. For example, we developed the Antarctic polar, developed for people to live there, you need life support. Where it is very cold, except for some special lives, greenery is very less, so to survive in the wild or no pollution to the surrounding environment, we can provide life support systems. In addition, some like Islands, deserts, plateaus, etc under extreme environmental conditions, may have some quite big applications, so our system can serve the national defense, there will be a very large applications. Finishing/Observer reporter Zhang Li news embraced the
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