This man, let Apple have not made concessions to FBI hand-key, information security, information FBI-IT

The year March 2016

FBI and Apple unlock cell phone California gunman suspect torn white-hot

A message from the

2015 Turing Award

Issued to huitefeierde·difei and Mading·heerman

It is said that the FBI was the

(Huitefeierde·difei and Mading·heerman: blame me)

Wait!

Face of the FBI are not apples?

However, if there is no huitefeierde·difei and Mading·heerman + 40 years ago when they introduced the public key encryption private key decryption schemes, laying the foundations for many network security protocols, FBI today will not be so humble as to to Apple meet ... ...

And we progress each time in the history of science and technology, will inevitably be affected by the "original interests" resist, such as ... ...

Here is in the progress of science and technology in the long resisted the pressure, promote the progress of science and technology cryptography pioneer huitefeierde·difei and Mading·heerman story ... ...

Stories from the 70 's of last century to begin

In 1970, John McCarthy, a researcher at Stanford University artificial intelligence (John McCarthy) published an article about "home terminal" (Home Information Terminal) the probability paper. He predicted that home information terminals through the telephone network to connect to a shared computer, which in turn can store books, magazines, news, public information and data such as personal files.

At the time, it was very avant-garde prophecy. Although IBM President Thomas Watson (Thomas Watson), "the world needs only five computers will be enough" of prophecy has become a joke, but even a few years later, in 1977, when the computer giant DEC founder Ken Olsen (Ken Olsen) still assert that says, "my reason for ordinary families need the computer could not be found" ... ...

? John McCarthy, in 1971 received the Turing Award in artificial intelligence

But who thought the total cattle people. Young programmers at the Stanford artificial intelligence laboratory huitefeierde·difei (Whitfield Diffie), read McCarthy's article a question arises: in a paperless world, what will replace the personal signature? This issue has also become a Whitfield Diffie's biggest challenges in the next few years.

By the way, Whitfield Diffie guide is referred to as "the father of artificial intelligence" by Marvin Minsky (see what Marvin Minsky, why would be known as the "father of AI"), the latter accepted in 1966, Whitfield Diffie for members of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab (well, who really are lumpy).

With this problem, Whitfield Diffie and constantly consulted various experts, until he met Mading·heerman, an Assistant Professor at Stanford University. Since then, they became the field of encryption technology famous scientists names and paired good friends ... ...

? Mading·heerman (left) and huitefeierde·difei (right), taken in 1977

Whitfield Diffie and Hellman believes that enhanced confidentiality is beneficial to society, of course, the NSA do not think so ... ...

Why do you say that?

Us 818 NSA, the so-called "no departments" (No Such Agency) the mysterious body what year did ... ...

Full name of the NSA called National Security Agency (NSA), the typical work activities such as monitoring against the Vietnam war, economic espionage, um, you should remember the Lord Snowdon, he revealed the "Prism project" monitoring NSA is responsible for monitoring the project.

As the United States one of the most important intelligence, encrypted information research and solve a NSA Bank job after World War II, NSA has the best talent in this area and the deep accumulation, and Whitfield Diffie and Hellman's study is in fact "outside the system". NSA also wanted to incorporate Whitfield Diffie and Hellman, however, Whitfield Diffie and Hellman said, only under reserve the right to freedom of publication of research results, will be working with NSA.

Then plug one: NSA and Whitfield Diffie and Hellman one of the differences is that national Security Council hopes to control encryption system for real-time process, and want the system to chip rather than in the form of software to be replicated. For the NSA, the benefit of this is much easier to control, but Whitfield Diffie and Hellman believes that since the future of encryption technology to protect the personal information, then there should be a software way to operate.

And so, on March 17, 1975, Hellman Cryptographic laboratory received a letter United States National Bureau of standards sent a proposal: a new computer encryption system. He later found out that in this standard, only 56-bit key length. The password strength, for ordinary people, it's hard to break, but for the NSA, they have the ability to use your computer's resources to find out key.

Herman believes that 56-bit keys are vulnerable, but national standards Council (and behind the national security agency). The road wants to know, NSA does not want to see, they listen for messages protected by powerful data encryption algorithms.

Results are less than a year, Whitfield Diffie and Hellman found the more powerful encryption and decryption method. In 1976, they published an article entitled the new trend of cryptography papers described + private key to decrypt the symmetric key encryption algorithm. Who has a public key to encrypt the information online, but receiving side can only be given under the conditions of the private key can decrypt the information. So, encrypted public key light, the communicating parties without prior exchange of keys are secret and secure way to share information.

▲ (That is, paper)

As Whitfield Diffie and Hellman at the beginning of the thesis said: there was a change in field of computer encryption. This thesis lays a cornerstones of today's computer security, ensure that confidential data is not compromised. You may wish to consider, if there is no such an agreement has not been made, today what kind of credit card fair.

Whitfield Diffie-Hellman key exchange and its significance

Let us look at Whitfield Diffie and Hellman proposed a public key encryption is all about.

You know, by 1976, all encryption methods are the same pattern: the party rules select an encryption to encrypt information, and party b uses the same rules to decrypt the information. The weakness of this method of encryption is: the party must tell party encryption rules, so that preservation and delivery keys has become the most difficult issues.

Public-key cryptography idea: using a public key and a secret key, the public key is public, anyone can access, while the private key is kept secret. Get public key encryption to encrypt information, decrypting party by virtue of their private keys, through operation to get the rules of encryption and decryption.

In Wikipedia's description is as follows:

In practice, as long as sufficiently large prime factors, then reverse a or b is very difficult to solve.

Whitfield Diffie-Hellman key exchange the meaning of technology is: encrypted public key and decrypt private keys divided--who has a public key to encrypt the information online, but receiving side can only be given under the conditions of the private key can decrypt the information. So, encrypted public key light, the communicating parties without prior exchange of keys are secret and secure way to share information.

The NSA did some thinking bodice.

There is no doubt that the agreement proposed to shake the foundations of the NSA: If people get an encryption method for personal information, you can have a hiding place, and the NSA (or intelligence) to easily listen to decipher what they want to get information also will be history.

The new trend of cryptography and a discussion of the DES encryption algorithm paper was published, intensification of the contradiction between Whitfield Diffie and Hellman and the NSA. NSA began to use his powers to restrict Whitfield Diffie and Hellman dissemination of research results.

It is reported that the NSA employee written warning at the publishers, said the authors of the paper may be in jail for violations of restrictive arms export laws. The struggle is known as the "password war". Eventually, of course, public key has not been killed, Whitfield Diffie and Hellman insisted on, the key is to maintain the highest possible standards.

Today, millions of people every day use online banking, e-commerce Web sites, mail servers, and cloud storage, these services are dependent on Whitfield Diffie-Hellman Protocol to establish a secure connection.

However, the password has not ended the war, in last year's ACM Conference on computer and communications security, papers said the NSA has been using "big prime number only a few commonly used" vulnerability, and certificate decomposition advances in quantum computing, based on Whitfield Diffie-Hellman Protocol is expected to break the current most widely used RSA public-key encryption algorithm. But even so, the FBI still had to turn to Apple in order to get the information they want, and Apple's insistence, as well as 40 years ago, Whitfield Diffie and Hellman's courage in facing the NSA.

Password war game of corpuscles with Apple and the FBI are just lies, encryption is also a threat to the security of their departments. And Whitfield Diffie and Hellman struggle from the outset with the NSA, is just maintenance of the privacy of the citizen.

这个男人，让苹果有了不向FBI妥协的底气 - 密钥,信息安全,FBI - IT资讯

2016年3月

FBI与苹果就解锁加州枪手案嫌疑人手机开撕白热化

一条消息传来

2015年的图灵奖

颁发给了惠特菲尔德·迪菲和马丁·赫尔曼

据说，FBI的心情是这样的

（惠特菲尔德·迪菲和马丁·赫尔曼：怪我咯）

Wait！

打脸FBI的不是苹果吗？

但是，如果没有惠特菲尔德·迪菲和马丁·赫尔曼在40年前他们引入的公钥加密+私钥解密方案，为如今诸多网络安全协议打下基础，FBI今天根本就不用如此低声下气去求苹果配合……

而我们科技史上的每一次进步，都会不可避免地受到那些“原有利益者”的抵制，例如……

下面就是在科技进步的长河中，顶住了压力、推动科技进步的密码学先驱惠特菲尔德·迪菲和马丁·赫尔曼的故事……

故事从上个世纪70年代说起

1970年，斯坦福大学人工智能研究员约翰·麦卡锡（John McCarthy）发表了一篇有关“家庭信息终端”（Home Information Terminal）可能性的论文。他预测，家庭信息终端能通过电话网络来与一台共享计算机相连接，反过来并可储存书籍、杂志、新闻、公共信息和个人文件等数据。

放在当时，这算是非常前卫的预言。虽然IBM总裁托马斯·沃森（Thomas Watson）“世界只需要五台计算机就够了”的预言已经成为笑话，但就算到了数年后的1977年，当时的计算机巨头DEC创始人肯·奥尔森（Ken Olsen）仍然断言称，“我找不到普通家庭也需要计算机的理由”……

▲约翰·麦卡锡，1971年因在人工智能上的贡献获得图灵奖

但是牛人的思想总有牛人理解。同在斯坦福人工智能实验室的年轻程序员惠特菲尔德·迪菲（Whitfield Diffie），读了麦卡锡的文章后产生了一个疑问：在无纸化的世界里，什么东西将会取代个人签名？这个问题也成为了迪菲接下来几年中最大的挑战。

顺便说一句，迪菲的引路人是被称为“人工智能之父”的马文·明斯基（参见《马文明斯基做了什么，为什么会被称为“人工智能之父”》），后者于1966年接纳迪菲为麻省理工学院人工智能实验室的成员（嗯，牛人果然都是扎堆的）。

带着这个问题，迪菲不断请教各路专家，直到后来结识了斯坦福大学助理教授马丁·赫尔曼。从此以后，他们成为了加密技术领域著名的科学家和名字成对出现的好基友......

▲马丁·赫尔曼(左)和惠特菲尔德·迪菲(右)，拍摄于1977年

迪菲和赫尔曼相信，增强保密性对于社会是有利的，当然，NSA并不这么想……

为什么这么说？

我们来八一八NSA，这个号称“没这个部门”（No Such Agency）的神秘机构当年都做了什么……

NSA的全称叫National Security Agency（国家安全局），它的典型工作比如监视反越战活动，经济间谍活动，嗯，你应该记得斯诺登，他透露的“棱镜计划”监听项目就是由NSA负责监控的。

作为美国最重要的情报部门之一，对加密信息的研究和破解算是NSA的本行工作，在二战后，NSA在这一领域拥有最优秀的人才和深厚的积累，而迪菲和赫尔曼的研究，其实是在“体系外”进行的。NSA也想收编迪菲和赫尔曼，但迪菲和赫尔曼称，只有在保留自由出版研究成果的权利下，才会和NSA合作。

再插一句：NSA与迪菲和赫尔曼的一个分歧是，国家安全局希望能控制加密系统的实时过程，并希望系统以芯片而不是以软件的形式加以推广。对于NSA来说，这样做的好处就是更容易控制，但迪菲和赫尔曼认为，既然未来的加密技术需要对个人通信信息加以保护，那么应该有一种软件的方式来进行操作。

就这样，1975年3月17日,赫尔曼加密实验室收到了一封美国国家标准局寄来的建议书：一个全新的计算机加密算法系统。他随后发现，在这份标准中，密钥的长度仅为56位。这个密码强度，对于普通人来说很难破解，但对于NSA来说，他们完全有能力动用计算机资源把密钥找出来。

赫尔曼认为，56位长度的密钥是不堪一击的，但国家标准局（以及背后的国家安全局）表示呵呵。这当中的门道一想就知道，NSA不愿意看到，他们监听的信息被功能强大的数据加密算法所保护。

结果是不到一年，迪菲和赫尔曼就找到了更强大的加密解密方法。1976年，他们发表了一篇名为《密码学新动向》的论文，阐述了公钥加密+私钥解密的对称性算法。拥有公钥的人能够在线加密信息，但接收信息的一方只能在拥有私匙的条件下才能解密信息。那么，将加密公匙公开后，通信双方无需提前交换密匙都能秘密、安全地共享信息了。

▲(就是这篇论文)

正如迪菲和赫尔曼在论文开头所说：在计算机加密领域即将有一场变革。这篇论文奠定了今天计算机通信安全的基石，保证机密数据不会被破解。你不妨设想一下，如果没有这一协议未曾被提出，今天的信用卡交易会是什么样子。

迪菲-赫尔曼秘钥交换及其意义

让我们来看看迪菲和赫尔曼所提出的公钥加密是怎么一回事。

要知道，在1976年以前，所有的加密方法都是同一种模式：甲方选择一种加密规则对信息加密，而乙方使用同一规则对信息解密。这种加密方式的弱点在于：甲方必须把加密的规则告诉乙方，这样，保存和传递密钥就成为了最困难的问题。

而公钥加密的思路是：采用一把公钥、一把密钥，公钥是公开的，任何人都可以获得，而私钥是保密的。加密方获取公钥后对信息进行加密，解密方凭借自己手中的私钥，通过进行运算获取所采用的加密规则并进行解密。

在维基百科里的描述是这样的：

在实践中，只要采用足够大的素因子，那么反向求解a或者b是很困难的。

迪菲-赫尔曼密钥交换技术的意义在于：将加密的公匙和解密的私匙分割开来——拥有公钥的人能够在线加密信息，但接收信息的一方只能在拥有私匙的条件下才能解密信息。那么，将加密公匙公开后，通信双方无需提前交换密匙都能秘密、安全地共享信息了。

这下轮到NSA傻眼了。

毫无疑问，这一协议的提出动摇了NSA的根基：如果人们得到一种加密个人通信信息的方法，就可以有了躲藏的地方，而NSA（或相关情报部门）能够轻松监听破译他们想获取的信息也将成为历史。

《密码学新动向》以及另外一篇讨论DES加密算法的论文发表后，迪菲和赫尔曼与NSA之间的矛盾进一步激化。NSA开始借用自己的权力来限制迪菲和赫尔曼研究成果的传播。

据悉，当时有NSA雇员写信警告出版商，称论文的作者有可能会因为违反限制武器出口的法律而入狱。这些斗争就是著名的“密码大战”。当然，最终公钥并未被扼杀，迪菲和赫尔曼坚持的，是要尽可能地维护最高的密匙标准。

今天，成千上万的人们每天都在使用网银、电子商务网站、邮箱服务器以及云储存，这些服务都依赖着基于迪菲-赫尔曼协议建立的安全连接。

然而，密码大战一直没有结束，在去年的ACM计算机与通信安全会议上，有论文表示，NSA一直在利用“常用的大素数只有那么几个”的漏洞，而针对证书分解的量子计算的进步，也有望破解目前基于迪菲-赫尔曼协议最广泛使用的公开密钥加密算法RSA。但即便如此，FBI还是不得不求助苹果以获取他们希望获得的信息，而苹果的坚持，也正如40年前迪菲和赫尔曼在面对NSA时的勇气。

密码大战的消停与苹果与FBI之博弈都只是在于，它们的加密技术是否还威胁到安全部门。而迪菲和赫尔曼从一开始与NSA的抗争，就是对公民隐私的正义维护。