Patents: Chinese "shanzhai" the biggest weakness-patent, fake-IT information

Held in 2016 on the CES, China enterprises for global enterprises the proportion of 1/3 and get attention from the industry, and some media even marks enterprises or industries from "shanzhai" towards innovation. But the resulting message will surely judge threw cold water on to the optimism, Chinese enterprises as products of infringing other people's patents, booth was closed down , there are more than more than 20 Chinese companies was interviewed for similar or other reasons. In fact, this is not the China of products at CES for the first time alleged copyright infringement. At last year's CES, and exhibited a Shenzhen company suspected of a knockoff Apple watch, to ridicule by the media after prices around 60 dollars in counterfeit products off.

It cannot be denied that this years represented by the patent of the innovation and protection of intellectual property rights has made a lot of progress, but there is still not paying attention to innovation and disregard for intellectual property rights. The reason, mainly for patents represented innovation and intellectual property for business, industry, and even national level of confusion. So here's the thing, to patent innovations and intellectual property rights in these three dimensions what meaning and value?

From the enterprise level, the patent intellectual property strategy and marketing strategy for technology companies is very important. Here, the famous "smiling curve" indicates that technology companies in order to achieve higher profits, started building momentum in research and development and marketing ends.

Referred to patents accumulated research and development side, according to a Huawei, Samsung and Apple patents and economic output of regression analysis showed that economic output is influenced by Apple's patent number, and the patent number is mainly from massive investment in research and development, that is, investment in research and development to promote the company continued to develop and grow. Instead of relying on the huge advertising investment to get visibility, increase revenue. Similar to the Apple, Chinese brands Huawei company, its sales revenue and the number of patents there is a significant correlation between. As the number of patents increased product sales revenue increases, that patent protection promotes the growth of company, also showed the company's intellectual property rights has made economic return on the investment. Therefore, investment in research and development is the guarantee of enterprise innovation of Huawei, is guarantee of economic growth. Well known is the fact that, for the research and development side (intellectual property rights strategy), the main output of intellectual property (such as patents for inventions, design patents) is the in-House Engineer/designer that is hosted behind their intellectual achievements, such as, should be respected and protected. It is important to note, as the financial payoff through innovative patent Apple, Huawei, etc in addition to innovation, respect other patents also reflects higher than on other side. For example Apple innovative patent to obtain economic returns at the same time, is authorized by the manufacturer Huawei patents, one of Huawei and Ericsson recently signed a patent cross-licensing agreement.

In addition, from the marketing end (marketing strategy), the main output is the brand (such as Apple, Samsung, Huawei and other products, such as the name, packaging or decoration), whose bearing of enterprise products in the market of business reputation and product reputation, is a magic weapon to attract customers, and thus often become targets of unscrupulous businesses of fake. For example in the above CES a manufacturer for Apple Apple Watch fake (not only is the product and product packaging). In light of this, technology companies to gain market acceptance of its products, subject to customer-centric, adhere to independent innovation, hard skills, and enhance their core competitiveness, avoiding plagiarism, free rider behaviour can only lead to companies such as chasing short-term interests, ignoring long-term development.

Secondly, from the industry perspective, intellectual property has become an important support for innovation development and industrial restructuring and upgrading, but malicious violations and plagiarism from time to time, for this kind of innovation and development of China's design industry, we should advocate the whole society establish a culture of respect for independent innovation environment.

Take the Smartphone industry as an example, which has entered the Red Sea, homogenization, serious price war, the fierce market competition. Apple, Huawei and Samsung in the industry based on three is to continually improve product performance (invention patent technology), and constantly enhance the overall value of design (design patent).

When it comes to design patents, for example Apple industry known for Samsung's patent lawsuit, Apple said in the indictment submitted by 2011, "Samsung does not develop new products independently, rather closely copied Apple's innovative technology, unique user interface and simple, distinctive product and packaging design, Apple valuable intellectual property rights violations. Through a massive violation of our patents and intellectual property rights, the Samsung Galaxy series phones and tablet computers running, looks similar to the Apple products. Apple design patent covers Apple equipment in many decorative features, such as metallic borders and unique application icon. "From this we can see design (product appearance and interface, and so on) the importance of patents. Unfortunately, we still exist on the part of Chinese mobile phone companies in patent infringement activities do not respect intellectual property rights of others, and the rise of the trend. For example the latest revealed as evidenced by several mobile phone manufacturers imitate the Huawei Mate7 designs.

Finally, from the national level, to patent intellectual property strategy also plays an important role, especially for a country's economic performance and development.

United States Stanford University Professor sidifen·Habo (Stephen Haber), in an article entitled ' why the patent system always with economic growth, such as in a shadow analysis, patent played a fundamental role in promoting economic growth, which not only encourage invention and encourage innovation, the process from invention to commercial products. Patent network sustains the entire contract, it was possible by industry divisions, so as to improve production efficiency.

United States, for example, it is the most affluent metropolitan statistical area (MSA, the city and its hinterland) is not Silicon Valley, but the Midland, Texas, which is United States hydraulic fracturing, the center of the mining boom. United States pioneered hydraulic fracturing mining method was not accidental, chalk it up to since 1980, a total of about 632 patented technology, they make United States oil and gas companies figure out how to combine the horizontal drilling and slick water fracturing to mine hidden in the impermeable shale gas. However, all of the above technology is not a company, government departments have not been announced that oil and gas are "strategic industries". The fact is that pursuit of self-interest, individual and corporate networks based on hundreds of patents constitutes a contract. Finally, oil prices have collapsed, United States economy to ultra low energy costs and achieve greater competitive advantage.

In contrast, in the 1980 of the 20th century, Brazil decided to establish the Brazil information technology industrial clusters, can be said to be "the Brazil version of Silicon Valley" to promote themselves among the ranks of high-income countries. To achieve this goal, Brazil announced the Government information technology (IT) became the country's strategic industry, and to protect domestic IT companies from foreign competition, development banks and Government contracts through the Government-funded enterprise. However, the Brazil Government did not establish a strong intellectual property system, and let the company any misappropriation of other inventions. Results are also evident: now how many people are there in Brazil the production of smartphones, Tablet PC or notebook computer? This is Brazil cause of economic stagnation.

It is because of these two countries in patent protection on different strategies and results that are specific to China, currently promoted by the US Government "mass innovation, the much anticipated venture" premise is respect for innovation, support original, only in this way can China achieve "manufacturing power" to "creating power" shift needed to take off "cottage Kingdom" hat. Because the "shanzhai" phenomenon undermines the social atmosphere of innovation, have frustrated the innovator's passion for innovation, seriously block China's designed industrial innovation processes, so this kind of behavior should be abandoned, under Prime Minister Li keqiang on a number of occasions stressed that intellectual property protection is to protect innovation, can also help the public business, the much anticipated innovation, creating a better business environment, further opening up. So, from the "manufacturing power" to "creating power" transition requires continued support for original, encourage innovation, and created together with intellectual property protection, in order to achieve "plus interest fuel the fire of genius."

Above, dang we Government and the related enterprise increasingly focused on innovation, and take this "to cottage of" let China related industry from "manufacturing powers" to "created powers" change of Shi, still has part Enterprise ignored innovation and to patent for representative of intellectual property protection (for example above CES Shang was seized of China enterprise and currently in intelligent phone industry in the plagiarism), which see, innovation and patent cognitive and protection still is China eventually "to cottage of" maximum of weakness and challenge.

专利：中国“去山寨化”的最大软肋 - 专利,山寨 - IT资讯

日前举办的2016 CES上，中国参展企业因占据全球参展企业近1/3的比例而得到业内的高度关注，有的媒体甚至认为这标志着中国企业或产业已经从“山寨”走向了创新。但接之而来的消息无疑又给这种乐观的判断泼了一瓢冷水，即中国某企业因为参展产品侵犯了人家的专利，展位被查封，还有约20多家中国企业因为类似或其他原因被约谈。实际上，这已不是中国企业的产品第一次在CES涉嫌侵权。在去年的CES上，一家深圳公司就涉嫌展出山寨版苹果手表，在被媒体吐槽后便将价格约为60美元的山寨产品撤下。

不可否认，这几年中国在以专利为代表的创新和知识产权保护上取得了不小的进步，但依旧存在着不重视创新和漠视知识产权的现象。究其原因，主要还是对于以专利为代表的创新和知识产权对于企业、产业，甚至国家层面的作用认识不清所致。那么问题来了，以专利为主的创新和知识产权在上述三个层面究竟有何意义和价值呢？

首先从企业层面来讲，以专利为主的知识产权战略和市场营销战略对于科技公司显得尤为重要。在此，业内知名的“微笑曲线”表明科技公司要想实现高盈利，可在研发端和营销端发力。

提及以专利积累为主的研发端，据一项《华为、三星与苹果专利数与经济产出的回归》的分析显示，苹果公司的经济产出主要受专利数影响，而专利数又主要来自于大量的研发投入，即研发投入推动了苹果公司不断发展壮大。而不是依靠大量的广告费用的投入获取知名度，增加收益。与苹果类似，对于国产品牌华为公司而言，它的销售收入与专利数之间存在着显著的相关性。随着申请专利数的增加，产品年销售收入也随之增加，说明专利保护促进了华为公司的经济增长，同时也说明公司对知识产权的投入取得了相应的经济回报。所以，研发投入是华为企业创新的保障，也是经济增长的保障。而众所周知的事实是，对于研发端（对应知识产权战略），主要产出是知识产权（如发明专利、外观设计专利）的背后其承载的是公司内部工程师/设计师等的智力成果，理应得到尊重和保护。需要说明的是，作为通过创新专利获得经济回报的苹果、华为等除了创新之外，在尊重别人专利上也体现出了高于其他企业的一面。例如苹果在通过创新专利获取经济回报的同时，也是华为专利授权的厂商之一，而近日华为也与爱立信续签了专利交叉许可协议。

另外，从营销端（对应市场营销战略）看，主要产出就是品牌（如苹果、三星、华为等产品的名称、包装、装潢等），其承载的是企业产品在市场上的商业信誉和商品声誉，是吸引顾客的法宝，也因此往往成为不法商家假冒的对象。例如上述CES中某厂商对于苹果Apple Watch的假冒（不仅是产品还有产品包装等）。针对于此，科技公司要想其产品获得市场认可，需以客户为中心，坚持自主创新，苦练内功，增强自己的核心竞争力，避免抄袭、搭便车等行为只能导致公司盲目追逐短期利益，忽视长期发展。

其次，从产业层面看，知识产权已成为促进创新发展和产业转型升级的重要支撑，但恶意侵权行为和抄袭现象时有发生，对于这种阻碍我国设计产业创新发展的行为，我们要倡导全社会树立尊重自主创新的文化氛围。

以智能手机产业为例，目前其已步入红海，同质化、价格战严重，市场竞争激烈。而苹果、华为、三星等之所以在这个行业中立足三甲，靠的就是不断提升产品性能（发明专利的技术实现），不断提升设计的整体价值（外观设计专利）。

说到外观设计专利，例如业内熟知的苹果对于三星的专利诉讼，苹果在2011年提交的起诉书中称，“三星不独立地开发新产品，而是选择亦步亦趋地抄袭苹果创新性技术、独具特色的用户界面，以及简洁、具有特色的产品和包装设计，侵犯了苹果宝贵的知识产权。通过大规模侵犯我们的专利和外观知识产权，三星使其Galaxy系列手机和平板电脑的运行、外观与苹果产品相似。苹果设计专利覆盖苹果设备许多装饰性特性，例如金属边框和独具特色的应用图标。”由此可以看出，设计（产品外观及界面等）专利的重要性。不幸的是，我们部分中国手机企业在外观专利上依旧存在着不尊重他人知识产权的侵权行为，且有抬头之势。例如最新曝出的多家手机企业模仿华为Mate7外观设计就是明证。

最后，从国家层面看，以专利为主的知识产权战略也起着举足轻重的作用，尤其是对于一个国家的经济表现和发展。

美国斯坦福大学教授斯蒂芬·哈伯（Stephen Haber）日前在一篇题为《专利制度为何总是与经济增长如影随行》中分析认为，专利在促进经济增长方面发挥着基础性作用，它不仅激励发明，还鼓励创新，即从发明到商业化产品转化的过程。专利支撑着整个契约网络，它让行业分工成为可能，从而提高生产效率。

以美国为例，它最富裕的都市统计区（MSA，即城市及其经济腹地）并不是硅谷，而是德克萨斯州米德兰市，也就是美国水力压裂开采潮的中心。美国开创了水力压裂开采法并非偶然，这要归因于从1980年起共约632项专利技术，它们让美国石油天然气公司弄清楚如何结合水平钻井和滑溜水压裂以开采藏于不渗水页岩中的天然气。但是，以上所有技术并非靠一个公司实现的，政府部门也并未曾宣布石油天然气是“战略性行业”。事实是，追求自身利益的个体和企业基于数百项专利构成了一个契约网络。最终，石油天然气价格大幅下降，让美国经济以超低能源成本而获得较大的竞争优势。

相反，20世纪80年代巴西决定建立巴西信息技术产业集群，可以说是“巴西版的硅谷”，以推动自己跻身高收入国家行列。为实现这一目标，巴西政府宣布信息技术（IT）成为国家的战略性行业，并保护国内IT企业免受外国竞争，通过政府开发银行和政府合约资助那些企业。但是，巴西政府却并未建立强大的知识产权制度，而让企业任意盗用其他企业的发明创造。结果也显而易见：现在有多少人在使用巴西生产的智能手机、平板电脑或着笔记本电脑呢？这也是巴西经济停滞不前的原因。

正是由于上述两个国家在专利保护上截然不同的策略和结果，具体到中国，目前我们政府倡导的“大众创新、万众创业”的前提就是尊重创新、支持原创，惟有这样，中国才能实现“制造大国”向“创造大国”转变需摘掉“山寨王国”的帽子。因为，“山寨”现象的出现破坏了社会的创新氛围，挫败了创新者的创新热情，严重阻滞了我国设计产业创新进程，所以这种行为应该遭到摒弃，而李克强总理在多个场合下强调保护知识产权就是保护创新，也可以直接助力大众创业、万众创新，营造更好的营商环境，进一步推动对外开放。所以说，中国从“制造大国”向“创造大国”转变，需要持续支持原创、鼓励创新，并给创造加上知识产权的保护伞，从而实现为“天才之火加上利益燃料”。

综上所述，当我们政府及相关企业日益注重创新，并借此“去山寨化”让中国相关产业从“制造大国”向“创造大国”转变之时，仍有部分企业漠视创新和以专利为代表的知识产权保护（例如上述CES上被查封的中国企业和目前在智能手机产业中抄袭），由此看，创新和专利认知和保护依旧是中国最终“去山寨化”最大的软肋和挑战。