Hangzhou discovered the world′s oldest dams: 1000 years earlier than the Dayu-discovered the world′s first dam-IT information
Archaeologists recently announced that Northwest District, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, discovered the oldest known large water conservancy projects in China, dating back more than 5,000 years of history. The water conservancy project located in Yuhang Yao Zhen. 80 years ago in the local Liangzhu, archaeologists found remains of Neolithic culture of Liangzhu culture.
13th, the country′s top archaeologists and experts to gather together in Hangzhou. They are coming for validation is one thing, also had a meeting – Liangzhu city outside the works of experts.
Feasibility study meeting finally gives unanimous conclusions of experts:
Liangzhu city perimeter water systems, is the earliest large water conservancy projects in China has ever known, is also the world′s first system of dams, designed more than 100 square kilometers, the Liangzhu was again confirmed with a complete structure of the capital city, from the inside out followed by Miyagi, Wang Guocheng and perimeter, and external water systems.
China, the world′s first, history has once again been overwritten by the Liangzhu people. You know, before that first lesson of the history of Water Conservancy in China, is from a very famous telling of Dayu, dating back 4,000 years. However, the legend goes, not physical, the hydraulic system of Liangzhu "irrefutable".
You′ll want to ask exactly what evidence? Feasibility study meeting the previous day, the reporter took a trip with experts in the field.
How do dams were found?
Why exploration for almost 10 years?
In 2006, the Liangzhu city official found that just ten years this year.
Later, archaeologists in the ancient city of Northwest, found 11 dams.
This is not a one-off finds. In fact, in the early 90 ′s, the archaeologists found Tang in the Northwest of the old town of Liangzhu site--it has a 6-km long dam, capable of blocking back from the ancient city covered mountains shed torrents to direct water to the West, so that city directly from flash floods.
At that time, scholars have recognized that Liangzhu periods of water conservancy facilities, but are considered a separate hydraulic archaeological sites, unexpectedly, it is only a link in the flood-water system as a whole.
Discovery, location must be found, or is flying blind. From 2007 to 2015, is a long period of exploration survey.
Experts by technology-observation remote sensing tools such as Google Earth, find Tang Shan mountain after the connection with Mao Yuanling nature on the West side, not as exciting as earlier speculated that extends to the South, but Southwest connects Lion Rock, carp, Sycamore and other dams of varying sizes.
Then they follow it, figure out ancient Liangzhu peripheral 11 dam is located in the North-West of the location and structure. In order to understand the structure of the dam until last July, Tiger Hill, Lei Yue Mun will not begin until Hill, Lion Rock, formal excavation of a dam.
Dam do?
Grass-mud wrap, which now is gunny
Liangzhu people built cities when synchronizing build dams? Most important reason, is fighting the flood.
Where they live, only 2 meters high above sea level, every monsoon season, West tianmu mountains formed on Flash flood pouring down, it is easy to flood houses. Therefore, the Liangzhu people must build dams, through flooding.
We are in front of one of the slopes, stopped, it was called Tiger Hill dam. After excavation of dam, is a loess section, depressed areas, mud or seepage water.
How to prove this is dam?
Archaeological team leader Wang Ning, long, pointed to a section of the white mud line: "this is the rotten grass, mixed with mud, wrap chunks of mud we call ′ grass-mud wrap ′, the Liangzhu people is to use it to build into the dam. ”
Look, we are at the time of the flood, bags made of straw or earthfill dam, is not a reason do?
The Liangzhu people do? King gave us the vision back –
The Liangzhu people′s homes, on the edge of the Marsh, swamp mud below, above the grass, what kinds of grasses: Reed, and Headley, thatch (now is also common). These materials, they take it all in the front. Then, cut the grass on the ground first, shoveling mud grass cutting, put in a roll on the grass, wrapped in silt, with Reed again lashing, OK.
Moreover, shovel all the way past, grass and mud out, seconds into a river here, simply put the home side berth yacht--in small rafts came transport Schock, easily done.
This earth than we now barely barely, saves time and effort, "finish is a one-time thing, and according to local conditions. "Wang Ningyuan says," grass-mud wrap the body is small, soft, good plasticity and works closely with the stem fitting outside, so after the heaps, fitting closely, will not leak. ”
More importantly, after exploration, archaeological team found that the dam on the grass mud wrap, all in a location close to the water surface, plainly, is close to the flood of stress positions, flood, at a glance.
Why Liangzhu? Data, the Liangzhu people garbage
How do you prove that the dam was Liangzhu?
"Some people don′t believe that. "Liu Bin, Director of the Zhejiang Provincial Institute of cultural relics and archaeology smiled.
To prove that the dams are the Liangzhu period, has two evidence. First scientific dating, that is, we often say that carbon 14 dating. Geochronology laboratory, Peking University carbon 14 dating data, measuring 7 samples of the dam, the grass is grass-mud wrap, shows that between time in 4,700-5,100 years ago, belongs to the early and medium stage of Liangzhu culture.
Data, were not enough, the most important kind, that the Liangzhu people then leave garbage.
In pond Hill, for example, found the tombs and Jade of Liangzhu people workshop, Tiger Hill, found a Liangzhu periods on the dam ditch, there are fragments of pottery of the Liangzhu culture.
So, no doubt.
Able to withstand a flood, and convenient travel
At present, the archaeological team found 11 dams, but not all. Very very thoughtful of the Liangzhu people, according to the height above sea level, which is divided into two protective system: high and low dams. Dam mainly built between the mountain and the mountain valley, blocking the Valley water. Low dam connects the buttes on the Plains, where it enclosure, is a vast low-lying land, forming an area of 9 square kilometers in the secondary area.
Problem come again: in the absence of any means of technology and ancient artifact, the Liangzhu people built these dams, can play a role in real life?
Experts from the Chinese Academy of social sciences, archaeology Liu Jianguo, Wang Hui said their GIS analysis software to analyze dam safety system, found that the dam could stop 960 mm of continuous rainfall in the short term, conversion, or can withstand the hundred years of floods in the region.
Liangzhu man-made dams, not only floods, also has a very important role in transportation. To put it bluntly, is convenient for daily travel.
The Liangzhu period, wheeled vehicles such as car, road systems and equipment not yet, they go out in addition to walking, boating is by water. So dam, water, and the capacity, connections can be formed more of the Valley′s water traffic on the network. Experts have done calculation: like a dam system of public gang ling, Tiger Hill, when full of water, you can sail along the Valley began about 1500 meters.
There is a direct evidence on the many piles of wood in the beauty, and found out that you can tie the rope "Bull nose", which means, stakes are shipped by sea.
Imagine the Liangzhu people drove "private yacht" like, make your own brain is now sungei buloh drifting raft, about 20 pieces of bamboo tied together, a raft can sit 10 people or so. Local, or a little man like Wen Qing, canoe out. Every day, they would walk along the Valley, along the landscape, love, drift, the key is, sooner or later the peak without traffic jams.
杭州惊现世界最早水坝：比大禹治水还早1000年 - 惊现世界最早水坝 - IT资讯
考古学者近日宣布，浙江省杭州市西北郊发现了中国已知最古老的大型水利工程，距今已有约5000年历史。这处水利工程位于余杭区瓶窑镇境内。80年前，在当地的良渚，考古学者发现新石器文化遗存良渚文化。
13日，全国最顶尖的考古专家和水利专家，在杭州聚到了一起。他们是为验证一件事而来，还开了一个会——良渚古城外围水利系统专家论证会。
论证会最后，专家给出了一致的结论：
良渚古城外围水利系统，是迄今所知中国最早的大型水利工程，也是世界最早的水坝系统，设计范围超过100平方公里，再次证实了良渚古城具有完整的都城结构，由内而外依次为宫城、王城、外郭城和外围水利系统。
中国第一，世界第一，历史又一次被良渚人改写了。要知道，在此之前，中国水利史的第一课，是从名气很大的大禹治水讲起的，距今4000年左右。但是，那只是传说啊，没有实物，而良渚的水利系统“证据确凿”。
你一定想问，到底有哪些证据啊？论证会前一天，记者跟着专家们实地走了一趟。
水坝是怎么被发现的？
为什么勘探长达近10年？
2006年，良渚古城正式发现，今年刚好十年。
而后，考古专家在古城的西北面，发现了11条水坝。
这不是一次性发现的。其实，早在上世纪90年代，考古人员就在良渚古城的西北面发现了塘山遗址——它有一条长6公里的水坝，能挡住古城背面从大遮山流下的山洪，将水引向西边，好让古城直接避开山洪。
那时，就有学者认识到，它是良渚时期的水利设施，但都认为是一个独立的水工遗迹，没想到，它仅仅是整个防洪水利系统中的一环。
要发掘，必须找到位置，不然就是抓瞎。2007年到2015年，便是漫长的勘探调查期。
专家通过科技——观察谷歌地球等遥感手段，发现塘山西侧与毛元岭的自然山体接续后，并不像早前推测的那样往南延伸，而是往西南方向连接狮子山、鲤鱼山、梧桐弄等大小不一的坝体。
然后，他们顺藤摸瓜，搞清楚了良渚古城外围位于西北面的11条水坝的位置和结构。为了了解坝体结构，直到去年7月，才开始对老虎岭、鲤鱼山、狮子山等水坝进行正式发掘。
水坝怎么做？
草裹泥，相当于现在麻袋装土
良渚人为什么在建城的时候，同步造水坝？最要紧的原因，就是抗洪。
他们住的地方，海拔只有2米多高，每到季风季节，西面天目山上形成的山洪倾泄而下，很容易把房子淹掉。所以，良渚人必须建水坝，堵住洪水。
我们在其中一条斜坡前，停了下来，它叫老虎岭水坝。发掘后的水坝，是一个黄土的剖面，下凹的地方，泥中还渗着水。
怎么证明这就是水坝？
考古领队王宁远，指着烂泥里一条条白色的细线：“这就是烂掉的草，它混杂着淤泥，包成一块块的泥包，我们叫‘草裹泥’，良渚人就是用它堆筑成水坝。”
这样看起来，我们在抗洪时，用草包或者编织的袋子装土筑坝，不就是一个道理吗？
那良渚人是怎么做的？王老师给我们原景重现了一下——
良渚人的家，就在沼泽地边，沼泽下面是淤泥，上面长草，哪几种草呢：芦、荻、茅草(现在也很常见哦)。这些材料，他们在家门口随便拿拿就全有了。然后，先把地面的草割倒，用铲把草下面的淤泥切割，放于草上一滚，裹上淤泥，再用芦苇绑扎，就OK了。
而且，一路铲过去，草和淤泥都用掉了，这里秒变为河道，他们只要把家旁边泊位里的私家游艇——小竹筏开过来，把草包运过去，就轻松搞定了。
这比我们现在吭哧吭哧地挑土，更省时省力，“就是一次性做完的事，而且因地制宜。”王宁远说，“草裹泥本身体量很小，又软，可塑性好，与外面草茎贴合紧密，所以堆垒后，贴合紧密，完全不会漏水。”
更重要的是，经过勘探，考古队员发现，大坝上的草裹泥，全都放在接近引水面的位置，说白了，就是靠近洪水受力比较大的位置，抗洪的作用，一目了然。
为什么是良渚的？有数据，有良渚人的生活垃圾
怎么证明水坝就是良渚的？
“有的人不太相信。”浙江省文物考古研究所所长刘斌笑了。
要证明这些水坝都是良渚时期的，有两重证据。首先是用科学手段测年，也就是我们常说的碳14测年。北京大学年代学实验室碳14测年数据，测了7条坝体的样本，也就是草裹泥的草，结果显示，时间都在距今4700-5100年之间，属于良渚文化早中期。
数据有了，还不够，最重要的是实物，也就是良渚人当年留下的生活垃圾。
比如在塘山上，发现了良渚人的墓葬和玉器作坊，在老虎岭，发现坝上有一条良渚时期的沟，里面有良渚文化的陶器碎片。
所以，毫无疑问了。
能抵御百年一遇的洪水，还方便出行
目前，考古队员发现的11条水坝，还不是全部。良渚人想得很周到，根据海拔高低，这些水坝分成了两道防护体系：高坝和低坝。高坝主要建在山与山之间的谷口，封堵山谷里的水。低坝把平原上的孤丘连接起来，它围护的地方，是一片巨大的低洼地，可形成面积达9平方公里的二级库区。
问题又来了：在没有任何科技手段和神器的古代，良渚人建的这些水坝，实际生活中能不能起作用？
中国社科院考古所的专家刘建国、王辉说，他们通过GIS软件对高坝系统进行分析，发现这些坝体可以阻挡短期内960毫米的连续降水，换算过来，相当于可以抵御本地区百年一遇的洪水。
而良渚人造坝，不光是抗洪，还有一个很重要的作用，运输。说白了，就是方便日常出行。
良渚时期，像车子这种轮式的交通工具，以及配套的道路系统还没有，他们出门除了走路，就是划船走水路了。所以筑坝，可以蓄水，而这个库容，可以形成连接多个山谷的水上交通网络。有专家做过测算：像高坝系统里的岗公岭、老虎岭等，满水时，可以沿着山谷航行上溯1500米左右。
还有个直接证据，在美人地的很多木桩的垫木上，发现了可以拴绳子的“牛鼻孔”，这说明，木桩都是从水路运过来的。
想象一下，良渚人开着“私家游艇”的样子，请自行补脑如今双溪漂流的竹筏，大约20根竹子编扎拼在一起，一筏可以坐10个人左右。土豪，或者讲究一点的人，比如文青，会划独木舟出门。每天，他们就沿着山谷，看沿路风景，谈恋爱，玩漂流，关键是，早晚高峰还不会堵车。