Go homepage(回首页)
Upload pictures (上传图片)
Write articles (发文字帖)

The author:(作者)aaa
published in(发表于) 2017/1/11 11:32:20
Why China will have on Japan, “the eight-year war“ with the words “14 years of resistance“

English

中文

Why China will have on Japan, "the eight-year war" with the words "14 years of war |" _ the war news

Recently, China's Ministry of education II issued 2017 1th, in primary and secondary school places, correspondence course materials in the full implementation of "14 years of war" concept of the letter. Now spring of 2017 material has been fully implemented.



> Chinese Ministry education basic education in primary and secondary school curriculum materials, the second division of the full implementation of "14 years of war" concept of the letter. Network pictures

  "The eight-year war" with the words "14 years of resistance"


File asked education departments at all levels and comprehensive investigation, "eight-year war of words" with the words "14 years of war", and, as appropriate, modify the content associated with this to ensure that set up the concept and highlights the 14-year war.


For public information officers from the reporter learned that "the eight-year war" argument is from 1937 "emblazoned" calculated from the Sino-Japanese war broke out, until August 15, 1945 Japan announced the unconditional surrender of the emperor for 8 years. From 1931 "918 incident" is until Japan's unconditional surrender, for 14 years. The night of September 18, 1931, in Japan the Kwantung Army under the railway "garrison" Willow Lake in Shenyang, blew up near Japan built the South Manchurian railway tracks, provoking the "918 incident".



> "918" Museum of historical monuments. Profile picture

  Textbooks reflect national views


Textbook series change problem, contacted China's Ministry of education is a member of the staff of a publishing house, which introduces the process of compiling and modifying.


According to reports, both the primary and secondary school textbooks currently under the Ministry of Education issued an outline prepared, outlining the role of which is to regulate textbook view is, once the subject countries in different fields with new perspectives and views will carry out through the outline, material changes by modifying the materials need to represent and embody the State view.


In the process, textbook Department will organize University professors, experts and experienced teachers, textbooks compiled after review by experts from the Chinese Ministry of Education Committee, signed opinion, the materials to public use.



> Middle school history textbook in the Sino-Japanese war. Profile picture

  Officers of all


Textbook publisher: war of course will be mainly in the fall semester


10th, East China Normal University Press education Branch staff told reporters, involved subject curriculum content is mainly reflected in the anti-Japanese war on the new standard grade eight history textbooks, textbooks in the spring and do not affect, in modified versions are also being sent. Because of East China Normal University Press textbook subjects in the new curriculum focuses on Science, and these disciplines do not involve war, so this change of concept does not affect the compilation of other disciplines.


Hunan yuelu publishing house staff also indicated that course contents relate mainly to the fall of materials about the war theme, and present spring textbooks are not affected.


Then, contact the press officers Education Bureau of Beijing Normal University. Similarly, staff members reply said, before relevant documents would have been issued, the Publishing House also did preparatory work has been modified, does not affect the distribution of the textbooks in the spring.



> Of middle school history textbook "918" incident. Profile picture

  Officers asked


Material changes to understand what in the war?


 Experts believe that "14 years of resistance" to correctly understand "the whole war" meaning


Professor of history at Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing massacre history shenghong, a researcher at international peace Research Institute, told reporters that for a long time, "the eight-year war" this argument has a long history in the on-going publicity and many other films and TV series, including his own, and many scholars have put forward different views. In his view, the "918 incident" not only Japan's invasion of China began, also marks the beginning of the Chinese people's fight against the aggressor, the Northeast Army and huge pay for war should be taken seriously.


Shenghong, "said 14-year war" this statement appeared as early as early, Northeast Bookstore has published the history of 14 years of war. The Chinese Ministry of education in schools curriculum materials in the full implementation of "14 years of resistance" means national recognition of this concept will help students more fully understand the entire history of the war.


Institute of international relations at Tsinghua University Professor and Japan expert Liu believes that previously used on "the eight-year war", refers to the 1937 "the Marco Polo Bridge incident" at the beginning of "full-scale war" war of fire in China, no longer confined to the Northeast, as long as there is where the Japanese invasion, set off a full-scale war. Now, China's Ministry of education in schools curriculum, a comprehensive implementation of the "14-year war" concept, is the "Marco Polo Bridge incident" before Northeast military struggle is also included in the "war" in this historical concept.


However, Liu also believes that the changes also need to be clarified in the teaching and public understanding of a concept, that is, "14-year war" should be called "the whole war" that can be "918 incident", the "Marco Polo Bridge incident" link up these historical concepts, is no longer confined to the "eight years of war," "total resistance".


 Material modifications impact on history teaching?


High school history teachers think textbook changes will be new demands on the teaching of history


Cui Wei school high school history teacher, high school affiliated to Renmin University introduced Cao Lizhi, historians generally agree that the "918 incident" is Japan's invasion of China began in 2007, the old curriculum, which was outstanding. "Includes 918 incident, Manchukuo was established, northern China incident is standard requirements. "In this way, from 918 incident to the Marco Polo Bridge incident was a relatively complete set of historical clues, helps students understand the full history of the war.


However, the new standard went into effect since 2007, the people's education (compulsory) high school history textbooks the history between 918 incident to the Marco Polo Bridge incident was weakening, "918 incident only has a two-line description, other events belong to small to read, is not required." Cao determined to believe that textbook information content makes the war seem like this "fragmented" does not help students understand the historical context.


In response to the amendment request of China's Ministry of education, "the eight-year war" with the words "14 years of war", and determined to understand that highlight the "918 incident" of history, help students understand Japan invaded China full of clues.


However, this modification will also be new demands on the teaching of history. Cao determined to believe that students are required to master something more, teachers also are likely to increase. In addition, from 918 incident to the Marco Polo Bridge incident was a very complex period in Chinese history, a variety of complex and intricate historical events and how to help students fully understand is a challenge. For example, in war why it is also accompanied by the civil war? What are the various historical events interconnected?



> Sketch over the invasion of China by the Japanese territory. Profile picture

  Links to Chinese anti-Japanese war chronology


On September 18, 1931, Japan the Kwantung Army deliberately blew up near the Willow Lake on the outskirts of Shenyang railway, and planted Chinese troops, shelled the Chinese Army station, provoking the 918 incident.


On March 1, 1932, Japan occupied China's Northeast after, fostering the establishment of Manchukuo.


In 1935, Japan driving northern China incident, trying to become a second North puppet "Manchukuo", this is Japan the prelude to an all-out war of aggression against China.


On December 12, 1936, Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng launched in XI ' an, "Remonstrance", detained Chiang Kai-shek, Chairman of the national Government military Commission, forced Chiang to stop the civil war, against Japan.


The night of July 7, 1937, Japanese troops in beiping to attack the Chinese army near the lugou bridge in Southwest China defenders have risen up against it. The war broke out.


On December 13, 1937, after the Japanese Army captured Nanjing on a killing spree, looting, rape, destruction, more than 300,000 soldiers and civilians were killed.


March 1938-April, Chinese troops in southern Shandong taier Zhuang region defeated the Japanese main force two elite divisions, Afar more than 10,000 people and achieved a major victory since the war.


August 1940 to January 1941, CPC by led of collapses 18th set mission Army (Army) launched hundred mission war, I behind enemy lines civil-military total for size fighting more than 1800 times, meter kill and wound day Army 20,000 more people, Elves more than 5,000 more people; captured day Army more than 280 more people, and elves more than 18,000 more people; damage railway more than 900 more in, and Highway 3,000 in; damage bridge, and station 258 at; and seized has large weapons and military material.


On July 26, 1945, China and the United States Britain published the China and United States Britain make Japan surrender of the Potsdam Proclamation, demanding Japan surrendered unconditionally and immediately.


On August 15, 1945, Japan's Emperor Hirohito in the form of release of the Gyokuon-hōsō, declared their acceptance of the Potsdam Proclamation. Sino-Japanese War victory.


Beijing News reporter Lu Tong Wei Chen Weicheng of interns editor Zhang Tailing proofing Lu Aiying




>: Tang Kun Qu SN117





Article keywords:
The anti-Japanese war

I want feedback
Save a Web page
The Beijing News
中国为什么将对日本“八年抗战”改为“十四年抗战”|抗战_新闻资讯

  近日,中国教育部基础教育二司下发2017年1号函件《关于在中小学地方课程教材中全面落实“十四年抗战”概念的函》。目前2017年春季教材已全面落实。


> 中国教育部基础教育二司《关于在中小学地方课程教材中全面落实“十四年抗战”概念的函》。 网络图片

  “八年抗战”改为“十四年抗战”


  文件中要求各级教育主管部门全面排查,凡有“八年抗战”字样,改为“十四年抗战”,并视情况修改与此相关内容,确保树立并突出十四年抗战概念。


  记者探员查询公开资料了解到,“八年抗战”的说法是指从1937年“七七事变”抗日战争全面爆发算起,至1945年8月15日日本天皇宣布无条件投降的8年时间。而如果从1931年“九一八事变”算起至日本无条件投降,则为14年。1931年9月18日夜,在日本关东军安排下,其铁道“守备队”炸毁沈阳柳条湖附近日本修筑的南满铁路路轨,挑起“九一八事变”。


> “九一八”历史博物馆纪念碑。 资料图片

  教材编写体现国家观点


  就教材的编改问题,记者联系到中国教育部所属的一家出版社的工作人员,其介绍了教材编写和修改的大致流程。


  据介绍,目前中小学教材均是根据中国教育部颁发的大纲编写,大纲即是起到规范教材观点的作用,一旦国家在不同领域学科有了新的观点和意见,就会通过大纲进行贯彻,让建材通过修改发生变化,教材需要代表和体现国家观点。


  在流程方面,教材编写部门会组织大学教授、专家以及经验丰富的中学教师,对教材进行编纂,之后交由中国教育部的专家委员会进行审查,签署意见之后,教材才能公开发行使用。


> 中学历史教材中的抗日战争。 资料图片

  探员追访


  教材出版单位:抗战内容课程将主要体现在秋季学期


  10 日下午,华东师范大学出版社基础教育分社的工作人员向记者表示,涉及抗战题材的课程内容主要体现在新课标历 史教材八年级上册,所以春季教材并不会影响,修改完成的版本也正在送审中。由于华东师范大学出版社的新课标教材学科主要集中在理科方面,而这些学科不涉及 抗战内容,所以,该概念的改变并不影响其他学科教材的编写。


  而湖南岳麓书社工作人员也表示,有关抗战题材的课程内容主要涉及秋季教材,目前春季教材并不会受到影响。


  随后,记者探员联系北京师范大学基础教育分社。同样,工作人员回复称,相关文件之前已下发,出版社方面也做了前期准备工作,目前已进行修改,并不影响春季教材的发行。


>中学历史教材中的“九一八”事件。 资料图片

  探员追问


  教材修改对理解抗日战争有何意义?


  专家认为“十四年抗战”有助于正确理解“全程抗战”含义


  南京师范大学历史系教授、南京大屠杀史与国际和平研究院研究员经盛鸿告诉记者,长期以来,“八年抗战”这一说法在日常宣传及诸多影视剧中由来已久,包括他自己,很多学者对此提出不同意见。他认为,“九一八事变”不仅标志着日本侵华战争的开始,也标志着中国人民反抗侵略者的开始,东北军民对抗日战争的巨大付出应该得到重视。


  经盛鸿表示,“十四年抗战”这一说法早在建国初就曾出现过,东北书店就曾出版过《十四年抗战史》。此次中国教育部要求在中小学地方课程教材中全面落实“十四年抗战”说法,意味着从国家层面承认了这一概念,有助于中小学生更全面理解抗日战争的整个历史。


  清华大学国际关系研究院教授、日本问题专家刘江永认为,此前习惯上“八年抗战”的说法,是指从1937年“七七事变”开始的“全面抗战”,抗战烽火燃遍中国,不再局限于东北,只要是有日军侵略的地方,都掀起了全面的抗日战争。现在,中国教育部要求在中小学地方课程教材中全面落实“十四年抗战”概念,是将“七七事变”之前东北军民的抗争也包含在“抗日战争”这一历史概念中。


  不过,刘江永还认为,修改之后,还需要在教学及公众的理解中厘清一个概念,即“十四年抗战”应称为“全程抗战”,这样可以将“九一八事变”、“七七事变”这些历史概念连贯起来,不再局限于此前的“八年抗战”、“全面抗战”。


  教材修改对历史教学会产生何种影响?


  中学历史教师认为教材修改将对历史教学提出新要求


  中国人民大学附属中学翠微学校高中历史教师曹立志介绍,史学界的一般观点都认为“九一八事变”是日本侵华战争的开始,在2007年以前的旧课标中,这一点是得到突出的。“包括九一八事变、伪满洲国成立、华北事变都是课标要求内容。”这样,从九一八事变至七七事变是一个相对完整的历史线索,有助于学生理解抗日战争的完整历程。


  不过,自2007年新课标施行后,人教版(必修一)高三历史课本对九一八事变至七七事变之间的历史进行了弱化,“九一八事变仅有两行字的描述,其他事件都属于小字阅读内容,不要求掌握”。曹立志认为,这样的课本内容使抗日战争的信息显得有些“支离破碎”,不利于学生了解历史脉络。


  针对这次中国教育部的修改要求“八年抗战”改为“十四年抗战”,曹立志理解为是突出“九一八事变”的历史意义,有助于学生理解日本侵华历史的完整线索。


  不过,这一修改也将对历史教学提出新的要求。曹立志认为,要求学生掌握的东西多了,教师教学的量也有可能要增加。此外,从九一八事变至七七事变是中国历史上一段非常复杂的时期,各种历史事件复杂纷呈,如何帮助学生全面理解是一个挑战。比如,在抗战的同时为何还伴随着国内战争?各个历史事件的相互关联是什么?


>  日军历年侵战中国领土略图。 资料图片

  链接 中国抗日战争大事年表


  1931年9月18日,日本关东军蓄意炸毁沈阳郊外柳条湖附近铁路,并栽赃给中国军队,炮轰中国军队驻地,挑起九一八事变。


  1932年3月1日,日本占领中国东北三省后,扶植成立伪满洲国。


  1935年,日本策动华北事变,试图把华北变成第二个伪“满洲国”,这是日本发动全面侵华战争的前奏。


  1936年12月12日,张学良和杨虎城在西安发动“兵谏”,扣留了国民政府军事委员会委员长蒋介石,逼蒋停止内战、一致抗日。


  1937年7月7日夜,日军在北平西南的卢沟桥附近向中国军队发起进攻,中国守军奋起抵抗。抗日战争全面爆发。


  1937年12月13日,日军攻占南京后进行疯狂屠杀、抢掠、强奸、破坏,30万以上军民惨遭杀害。


  1938年3月-4月间,中国军队在鲁南台儿庄地区击溃日军两个精锐师团主力,歼敌一万余人,取得抗战以来一次重大胜利。


  1940年8月至1941年1月,中国共产党所率领的国民革命军第十八集团军(八路军)发动百团大战,我敌后军民共进行大小战斗1800多次,计毙伤日军二万多 人,伪军五千多人;俘日军280多人、伪军1.8万多人;破坏铁路九百多里、公路三千里;破坏桥梁、车站258处;并缴获了大批武器和军用物资。


  1945年7月26日,中国和美国英三国发表《中国和美国英三国促令日本投降之波茨坦公告》,要求日本立即无条件投降。


  1945年8月15日,日本天皇裕仁以发布《终战诏书》的形式,宣布接受《波茨坦公告》。中国人民抗日战争取得最终胜利。


  新京报记者 卢通 王巍 实习生 陈维城 编辑 张太凌 校对 陆爱英



>责任编辑:瞿崑 SN117





文章关键词:
抗战

我要反馈
保存网页
新京报



If you have any requirements, please contact webmaster。(如果有什么要求,请联系站长)





QQ:154298438
QQ:417480759