Museum of Shaanxi Province, Zhao Ling calls for United States horse stone | zhaoling _ of the Museum returned to China News

> "Zhao Ling Liu Chun" loss in United States "two horses"--one of the fist hair GUA.

> Xian Beilin Museum of stone carving art museum, "Zhao Ling Liu Chun" lined up, were displaced "SA dew violet" and "fist GUA" Chun for the second copy.

Zhao Ling Liu Chun, with its exquisite stone carving skills and deeds of Emperor Taizong and beloved horse behind the famous, is China's national heritage, suffice it to an important position in its cultural relics in China. Zhao Ling Liu Jun's artistic value beyond measure, represents the most top of the Tang dynasty's carving technique, so exquisite and vivid artistry of today's researchers and artists are amazing.

So, according to today's moral principles in the return of international cultural heritage, we believe, is now at the University of Pennsylvania Museum of zhaoling mausoleum "two June" return to China is the most reasonable solution.

The ICOM Code of ethics makes specific provisions on related issues. Museum collection of the second paragraph of "collection of illicit goods", that is, "of illegal trading to encourage public and private collections of historical sites, the destruction of local cultures, encourages national and international theft, and contrary to the spirit of national and international heritage conservation. Museums should recognize the relationship between sources and markets, and often will market to resell the destructive and shall be recognized in any way, whether directly or indirectly support this type of illegal trade is highly unethical. Museums should not purchase, gift, exchange of gifts and collecting any items, except to regulatory agencies and responsible officials proves it can take ownership of the specimen or article, especially in support of its country of origin/or legally owned among countries (including museums) collection or import such specimens or items does not violate the laws of that State. Unearthed articles, in addition to the above-mentioned protection provisions, the Museum should not call for buying those authorities or responsible officer has reason to believe that his findings involving monuments non-scientific excavations, archaeological sites, the deliberate destruction or damage, or not to the land owners, occupants, corresponding legislation or Government authorities unearthed in the description of the goods. "Collections disposal of the fourth paragraph of" return and restitution of cultural property ", namely" to museums if you possess can prove to be a violation of the United Nations Educational, scientific and Cultural Organization Convention concerning the prohibition as shown and the prevention of the illicit import and export of cultural property and the illicit transfer of ownership of the principles of the Convention, export or transfer of one item. Or, if the country of origin thereof and to prove that it is a part of the cultural property of the country, if the law allows, the Museum should take a responsible attitude to take steps to assist in returning the items to the original state. In the case of the return of cultural property to its countries, the Museum should take a sincere attitude, according to scientific and professional principles (before involved in politics or Government level) preparing war dialogue, exploring the possibility of developing bilateral or multilateral cooperation programmes. ”

In United States law, "theft does not transfer ownership" is an important principle of common law. In 1969, "Menzel v Liszt case", the Court held that Nazi organizations and the theft of cultural property ownership may not be transferred, shall be returned to the original owners of stolen cultural property. 1989 "Orthodox Church of Cyprus v Goldberg case", the Court decision originally part of looted cultural property shall be returned to the Orthodox Church of Cyprus. These two cases are described, transfer, import, export and trade of stolen cultural property, does not change the ownership of cultural property and cultural property buyers should do their utmost in good faith, as far as possible on the cultural property of the country of origin, source and verify transactions.

Meanwhile, we find that the United States is my Museum ethics code of conduct regulating the collection, strengthening of cultural property to the country of origin, and protection of the rights of the original owners. For example, United States Museum associations provided for in the code of ethics of the Museum, the Museum must be "legally, no legal burden" collection; United States issued by the Museums Association of the archaeological materials and ancient art gets in the Guide to make it clear that, prior to 1970, art collectors, unless it can be proven through "appropriate modern means" discovery, otherwise not collections of the Museum. Museums should be respected and efforts to address the ownership disputes and dealing with cultural relics and archaeological materials. Whether it is ethical or legal considerations, should be dealt with case-by-case negotiation. Museums should also be sought through voluntary negotiation or settlement of the claims of the third party intervention. Clearly, the United States should abide by all of the museums United States Museums Association promulgated by the above requirements.

> "Zhao Ling Liu Chun" loss in United States "two horses"--saying one of dew blue.

According to the University of Pennsylvania Museum should not buy way collecting six of June "two June", and "two June" are shipped out of China after being destroyed, the damage has become very serious, the appearance of broken split, apparently is a scientific excavation, involving the deliberate destruction and damage. According to a 3 (1914) on June 13 Presidential Decree enacted by President Yuan Shikai of the shipped the Antiquities for sale without permission is strictly prohibited, "where countries are mussels, community nurse Jane, non subclause for archaeological research, save the real quintessence of ... ... Their foreign people in Beijing have bootlegs, particularly serious combat, and by the official ban in case lost. "Zhao Ling Er Chun under without government approval, are not allowed to export transactions. Even knowing this, Penn Museum is holding a laissez faire attitude to buy "two June". On this basis, we can ask the University of Pennsylvania Museum, explore the possibility of developing bilateral cooperation plans with us, to bring about the unity of six horses.

Zhao Ling Liu Chun as its name suggests, there are six June in which together combine to form a complete work. Integrity work not only their complete, also includes the combined work of unified and integrated, that combination works which are indispensable. Zhao Ling Liu Chun now has "two June" overseas, so strictly speaking, Zhao Ling Liu Jun is in an incomplete state, that is, from a certain perspective, University of Pennsylvania Museum's collection of "two June" behavior is undermining Zhao Ling Liu Jun's overall integrity of cultural relics. Zhao Ling Liu Jun was China's precious cultural relics, four June saves the steles Museum in Xian. In our view, extremely precious cultural relics, only in their original environment, in order to maximize the reflecting its historical, cultural and artistic value, in order to better spread. If Zhao Ling Er Chun back to country of origin, Zhao Ling Liu Jun's integrity will be restored, and helps people to better understand, appreciate, and study them. If June is far away from Zhao ling, away from the other historical sites, away from the culture of the Tang dynasty in Philadelphia, then watch their history and art lovers, academics studying them, how can we fully understand the historical events behind them, military organizations, funeral culture, the arts, the national relations, political system and history information? Tang dynasty Chinese culture, belief, still clearly reflected in today's Chinese and Chinese society, Zhao Ling Liu Jun to China "reunion", that for the lovers of history and culture of the Tang dynasty in the world, with researchers, it is a fortunate thing.

The openness of Chinese society, especially cultural openness, enough to ensure that the Zhao Ling Er Chun was studied around the world, as well as the history and appreciation for art lovers. This also to the cultural relics protection law, protection for the Museum a series of relevant laws and regulations.

So, no matter from what point of view, we have reasons to ask the Pennsylvania Museum return loss out of "two June".

In modern times, the people, "Zhao Ling Liu Chun" very concerned, particularly for people from Shaanxi, "Zhao Ling Liu Chun" has a deep plot. Veterans of the revolution of Yu you-ren's old, Shaanxi sanyuan people, "Zhao Ling Liu Chun" special attention, he on many occasions at zhaoling mausoleum to watch "Zhao Ling Liu Chun." Liberation of mainland, living in Taiwan, he had run many times, trying to contribute "Zhao Ling Liu Chun" reunion. Mr Yang also suggested United States Government, "Zhao Ling Liu Chun" came back to China together, but his suggestion was not adopted. But the people, "Liu Jun," especially overseas "two June" concerns have never stopped. On October 28, 2001, national post office is issuing stamps of the Zhao Ling Liu Chun a, and Zhao Ling North Sima gate site held a grand ceremony. May 7, 2010, three experts in our province after a year of preparation, and finally leaves for United States, "Zhao Ling Er Chun" for restoration and protection work, widespread concern in the community and is highly appreciated. In recent years, people seeking "two June" regression is increasing. United States overseas Chinese, Chen Xianzhong, Xian Academy of fine art, Professor, supervisor of Mr CHENG Zheng, liquan "by Zhao Ling Liu Chun" expert Luo Hongcai, are committed to two June return.

Zhao Ling Liu Jun of China's historical and cultural setting, also on behalf of the many Asian peoples has a long history of exchanges. The University of Pennsylvania, has been committed to the protection of the world cultural heritage, we hope that the University of Pennsylvania Museum can reach agreement with China on this issue, continue to contribute more to the common cultural heritage of mankind.

>: Tang Zheng Xueyou

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陕西省昭陵博物馆呼吁美国博物馆归还中国的战马石刻|昭陵_新闻资讯
>“昭陵六骏”中流失美国的“两骏”之一——拳毛騧。
>　　西安碑林博物馆的石刻艺术馆中，“昭陵六骏”一字排开，其中流失的“飒露紫”和“拳毛騧”二骏为复制品。

　　昭陵六骏以其精湛的石刻技艺和背后唐太宗与心爱战马的事迹闻名中外，属中国国家级保护文物，这足以说明其在中国文物界的重要地位。昭陵六骏的艺术价值无可估量，代表了唐朝最为顶级的雕刻技术，如此精妙和生动的艺术手法，令当今的研究者和艺术家都惊叹不已。

　　所以，根据当今国际文化遗产返还问题中的道德原则，我们认为，将现藏于宾夕法尼亚大学博物馆的昭陵“二骏”返还中国是最合理的方案。

　　《国际博物馆协会职业道德准则》对相关问题做出了具体的规定。博物馆藏品之征集第二款的“非法物品之征集”，即“针对公共及私人藏品的非法物品交易怂恿了对历史遗址、地方民族文化的破坏，怂恿了国内国际的盗窃，并与国家及国际遗产保护精神背道而驰。博物馆应认识到市场与源地之间的关系，以及经常将物品拿到市场倒卖的破坏性，并须认识到以任何方式，无论直接还是间接支持此类非法交易都是极不道德的。博物馆不应以购买、赠送、馈赠及交换的方式征集任何物品，除非向管理机构及负责官员证明其能够正当获得有关标本或物品的所有权，尤其证明其从原有国/或原合法拥有之中间国（包括博物馆本身所在国）征集或进口此类标本或物品并没有违反该国法律。就出土物品而言，除上述保护规定之外，博物馆不应该以购买方式征集那些凡管理机构或负责官员有理由认为其发现涉及古迹、考古遗址的非科学性发掘、蓄意破坏或损坏，或涉及未向该土地所有者、占有者、相应的立法或政府当局做出说明的出土物品。”藏品处置第四款的“文化财产之返还与归还”，即“以博物馆如果占有了可被证明为违反联合国教育、科学及文化组织《关于禁示和防止非法进出口文化财产和非法转让其所有权的方法的公约》的原则而进出口或转让的一件物品。或者，如果原有国要求返还并证明它属该国文化财产的一部分，如果法律允许的话，该博物馆应该以负责的态度采取步骤，协助将该物品返还原有国。在文化财产返还原有国的情况下，博物馆应本着开诚布公的态度，以科学与专业原则为依据（在政治或政府一级参与之前）准备开战对话，探讨拟定双边或多边合作计划的可能性。”

　　在美国法律中，“盗窃不转移所有权”一直是普通法律中的一项重要原则。在1969年“门泽尔诉李斯特案”中，法院认为纳粹组织对文化财产的盗窃行为不能转移所有权，被盗文化财产应返还原所有人。1989年“塞浦路斯东正教会诉戈德伯格案”中，法院同样判决原属于塞浦路斯东正教会的被劫掠文化财产应当返还。这两个判例都说明了，对被盗文化财产的转移、进出口和交易，并不能改变文化财产的所有权；而且，文化财产的购买者应当尽最大的善意，尽可能对文化财产的产地、来源和交易情况进行核实。

　　同时，我们发现美国博物馆界正在通过伦理守则规范收藏行为，加强对文化财产原产国和原所有人权利的保护。比如，美国博物馆协会《博物馆伦理守则》规定，博物馆必须“合法、无法律负担地”持有收藏品；美国博物馆协会所颁布的《考古材料与古代艺术品获取指南》中明确指出，对于1970年之前收藏的艺术品，除非能够证明是通过“适当的现代手段”发现的，否则博物馆不得收藏。博物馆应以尊重和努力的态度解决和处理对于文物和考古材料所有权的争端。无论是基于伦理还是法律上的考虑，都应按个别情况商议处理。博物馆亦应设法通过自愿商议或第三方介入的方式解决索赔问题。显然，美国的所有博物馆都应遵守美国博物馆协会所颁布的上述要求。

>“昭陵六骏”中流失美国的“两骏”之一——飒露紫。

　　据此宾夕法尼亚大学博物馆不应该以购买的方式征集六骏中的“二骏”，并且“二骏”是被破坏后运出中国，破坏程度已相当严重，外观残破分裂，很明显是非科学性发掘，涉及到蓄意破坏和损坏。根据民国三年（1914年）六月十三日由袁世凯总统颁布的总统令《严禁私自售运古物令》，“凡国家之所留贻，社会之所珍护，非第供考古之研究，实关于国粹之保存……其京外商民如有嗜利私售情事，尤应严重取缔，并由各地方官实行禁止，以防散佚。”昭陵二骏在没有政府批准的情况下，是不得进行出口交易的。而即使明知这一点，宾大博物馆还是持放任的态度购买“二骏”。据此，我们可以要求宾夕法尼亚大学博物馆与我方探讨拟定双边合作计划的可能性，以促成六骏的统一。

　　昭陵六骏顾名思义是有六骏在其中，共同组合在一起形成一个完整的作品。完整性并不只是指单件作品的自身完整，也包括组合作品的统一完整，即组合作品其中缺一不可。而昭陵六骏现今有“二骏”流失海外，所以严格意义上说，昭陵六骏是处于一种不完整的状态，即从某种角度来说，宾夕法尼亚大学博物馆收藏的“二骏”的行为是破坏了昭陵六骏文物的整体完整性。昭陵六骏是中国的珍贵文物，现有四骏保存在西安碑林博物馆。我们认为，极为珍贵的文物，只有在其原本的环境中，才能最大限度的体现出其在历史、文化以及艺术等方面的价值，从而更好的传播。如果昭陵二骏回归原产地，昭陵六骏的完整性将得以恢复，有助于人们对它们进行更好地理解、欣赏、研究。如果二骏处于远离昭陵、远离其他唐朝历史遗迹、远离中国文化的费城，那么观赏它们的历史与艺术爱好者、研究它们的学者，如何能充分地理解它们背后的那些历史事件、军事组织、丧葬文化、艺术风格、民族关系、政治制度等历史信息呢？唐朝时期中国人的文化、信仰，仍然鲜明地体现在当今的中国人身上与中国社会之中，如果昭陵六骏能够在中国“团圆”，那对于全世界唐朝历史与文化的爱好者与研究者来说，都是一件极其幸运的事。

　　中国社会的开放程度，尤其是文化事业的开放程度，足可以保证昭陵二骏得到全世界的充分研究，以及历史与艺术爱好者的欣赏。这一点同样得到《文物保护法》、《博物馆条例》一系列相关法律法规的保障。

　　所以，无论从何种角度来说，我们都有理由要求宾夕法尼亚博物馆归还流失在外的“二骏”。

　　近代以来，国人对“昭陵六骏”非常关注，尤其是陕西人，对“昭陵六骏”有着深厚的情节。辛亥革命的元老、陕西三原人于右任老先生，就对“昭陵六骏”特别关注，早年他曾多次在昭陵观摩“昭陵六骏”。大陆解放后，身在台湾的他曾多次奔走，极力向促成“昭陵六骏”的团聚。杨振宁先生也曾建议美国政府让“昭陵六骏”回到中国团聚，可惜他的建议未被采纳。但国人对“六骏”尤其是流失海外“二骏”的关注从来没有间断。2001年10月28日，国家邮政局发行《昭陵六骏》特种邮票一套，并在昭陵北司马门遗址举行盛大的发行仪式。2010年5月7日，我省三位专家经过一年多的筹备，终于启程美国，对“昭陵二骏”进行修复保护工作，得到社会各界的广泛关注和高度赞赏。近年来，国人争取让“二骏”回归的呼声越来越高。美国华侨陈宪忠先生、西安美院教授、博士生导师程征先生、礼泉籍“昭陵六骏”研究专家罗宏才先生等，均致力于二骏的回归事宜。

　　昭陵六骏既是中国自身历史文化的凝结，也代表了亚洲多民族悠久的交流历史。宾夕法尼亚大学一直致力于全球文化遗产的保护，我们希望宾夕法尼亚大学博物馆可以同中国方面就这个问题达成一致，继续为全人类共同的文化遗产保护做出更大的贡献。

>责任编辑：郑学友

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