China Science and technology governance haze: 2.4 billion will be spent on what? -Air pollution, smog, Thirteen-Five-IT news
Through January 21 7 gust after the Beijing sky is still above. Disperse the haze, need more than "the wind." 22nd, at the Ministry of science and technology for Social Development Division and the science and technology daily in treatment of haze experts Forum of science and technology, co-chaired, experts around the cause of air pollution and its control technology research advances and the "Thirteen-Five" technology treatment of haze during discussion how to punch.
"The ' Thirteen-Five ', about studying smog and photochemical smog formation, of air pollution on human health effects, monitoring, prediction and early warning technology 6 key tasks, Ministry of science and technology launched ' cause of air pollution and control technology of ' key projects, the special investment funds in the central budget was 2.474 billion yuan. "21st century Center Ke Bing, Deputy Director of the Department of science and technology said at the meeting.
Cracking causes smog
Smog come from? From ordinary people, and research experts in the field of air pollution, it is an urgent problem to want to know the answer.
Academician of the Chinese Academy of engineering, and Hao jiming, a professor at Tsinghua University felt helpless because there is one reporter struggling to shake his car into his problems. "The research found vehicle emissions of smog's ' contributions ' only around 3%-4%, since a proportion is so small, why then strictly limit restrictions? ”
In fact, PM2.5 sources of complex chemical components from direct emissions, but also from the second transformation. And Hao jiming explains, "less than 4%" conclusions, is calculated as the proportion of motor vehicle exhaust emissions, while in the second transformation, motor vehicle exhaust is the contribution to smog "large taxpayer". In some media reports, "a word" cuts, and widely misunderstood.
Deputy Bao Xiaofeng, Chief Engineer of the China Environmental Science Research Institute has another identity-Director of the State Environmental Protection Department motor vehicle emission control center. In his view, need to focus on more than just driving on the roads of vehicle exhaust emissions, exhaust emissions from non-road mobile sources should not be ignored. Non-road mobile sources, including engineering machinery, agricultural machinery, small general mechanical, diesel generator sets, ships, locomotives, aircraft, etc.
At present, the sources of smog and formation mechanism of scientific community, there are still some different views. Master key air pollution characteristics and genetic mechanism of urban agglomeration, PM2.5 main controlling factors of explosive growth, is the cause of air pollution and control technology research project to resolve one of the two basic problems.
Assessment of effects of smog on health
In addition to clear smog formation, study on fine particulate matter and other pollutants with respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, and is the cause of air pollution and control technology research priorities specific to conquer another basic science issues. What will be impact of smog on human health, as well as issues of urgent concern to the public.
Recent reports of PM2.5 particles are detected in the brain, has heightened concerns about smog affect our health. Qiu Xinghua, a professor at Beijing University, with the advancement of technology, can be detected in the human body to many of the past could not detect trace substances, PM2.5 particulates are detected in brain tissue, does not mean that particles have an impact on health.
"Study on the control of air pollutants, China started very early, but the relationship between smog and health, related study done started very late in China. Public awareness of health issues are very sensitive, once a research group related to the discovery, was hugely magnified by the media, causing unnecessary panic. "Qiu Xinghua said.
Chinese research Academy of environmental sciences has long been engaged in environmental health research Duan Xiaoli, a researcher at think, length of exposure to the smog in the environment, and the health effects are not the same. If the short-term exposure acute stress response risk assessment results, per unit of exposure levels of dose-response relationships to evaluate chronic health damage from long-term exposure to risk, would have the potential to overestimate the risk.
The health effects of smog, everyone wanted to know more. The scientific challenges for the assessment of health effects of air pollution, cause of air pollution and its control technology research focusing on special lists a list of tasks: study on air pollution exposure assessment and early identification of health effects, studies of atmospheric fine particles on human health acute and chronic health damage of the exposure-response relationship, typical of city air pollution health risks, and so on.
Break through three common control technology
Center for 21st century Wang Lei, Director of resources and environment, "232" summarized the cause of air pollution and its control technology research focused on the overall objective of the special. In addition to the above mentioned two basic problems to be solved, and also to break through three common prevention techniques, establishing two types of application and demonstration platform.
Control techniques against three common, specific indicators of specific mandates are given. Break through the refinement of atmospheric pollution monitoring and early-warning technology, formation of integrated vehicle and ground surveillance capacity and 120 hours or more refined ability to forecast; ability to form typical industry process control technology of pollution, contribution rate of technical progress on air pollution abatement and management capacity upgrade 20%; ability to form joint-control decision support technology, supporting the establishment of improved air quality management system.
Two kinds of demo platform includes, through research-based generic technology-demonstration, establishment of joint control model such as Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei area, form a comprehensive pollution control technology solutions, support air pollution reduction, significant weather activity in key areas of standard quality. Building technology into the atmospheric environment service platform, enabling innovation and entrepreneurship, significant market share of self-developed technology.
中国科技治理雾霾：24亿将花在哪些地方？ - 大气污染,雾霾,十三五 - IT资讯
经历1月21日7级阵风洗礼后，北京上空蓝天依旧。驱散雾霾，需要的不仅仅是“等风来”。22日，在科技部社发司和科技日报社联合主办的科技治霾专家座谈会上，与会专家围绕大气污染成因与控制技术研究最新进展、“十三五”期间科技治霾如何发力进行了研讨。
“‘十三五’期间，围绕研究雾霾和光化学烟雾形成机制、大气污染对人群健康的影响、监测预报预警技术等6项重点任务，科技部启动实施‘大气污染成因与控制技术研究’重点专项，该专项投入的中央财政资金为24.74亿元。”科技部21世纪中心副主任柯兵在会上介绍道。
破解雾霾成因
雾霾到底从哪来？从普通百姓，到大气污染研究领域的专家，这都是一个迫切想知道答案的问题。
令中国工程院院士、清华大学教授郝吉明感到无奈的是，一位苦于摇不到车号的记者抛向他的问题。“有研究发现机动车尾气对雾霾的‘贡献’只有3%—4%左右，既然占的比例这么小，那为什么还要严格限购限行？”
事实上，PM2.5来源复杂，其化学成分既来自于直接排放，也来自于二次转化。郝吉明解释道，“不到4%”的结论，计算的是机动车尾气在一次排放中所占的比例，而在二次转化里，机动车尾气是贡献雾霾的“大户”。在部分媒体报道里，将“一次”二字省掉了，引起广泛误解。
中国环境科学研究院副总工程师鲍晓峰还有另一个身份——国家环保部机动车排污监控中心主任。在他看来，需要关注的不仅仅是行驶在道路上的机动车尾气排放，非道路移动源的尾气排放同样不容忽视。非道路移动源包括工程机械、农业机械、小型通用机械、柴油发电机组、船舶、铁路内燃机车、飞机等。
目前，对于雾霾的来源和形成机制，科学界还存在一些不同认识。掌握重点城市群大气污染的演变特征和成因机制，确定PM2.5爆发性增长的主控因子，是大气污染成因与控制技术研究重点专项要解决的两个基础科学问题之一。
评估雾霾对健康影响
在弄清雾霾成因之外，研究细颗粒物等污染物与呼吸道、心血管等疾病的关系，是大气污染成因与控制技术研究重点专项要攻克的另一个基础科学问题。雾霾对人体健康会造成哪些影响，同样也是公众迫切关注的问题。
最近一则在大脑组织中检测到PM2.5颗粒的报道，加剧了人们对雾霾影响健康的担忧。而在北京大学教授邱兴华看来，随着技术的进步，能在人体中检测到许多过去无法检出的微量物质，在大脑组织中检测出PM2.5颗粒物，并不能说明颗粒物对健康有影响。
“对大气污染物控制的研究，国内起步很早，但对于雾霾与健康之间的关系，国内所做的相关研究起步非常晚。公众对健康问题十分敏感，一旦某个研究小组有相关的新发现，可能被媒体无限放大，引起不必要的恐慌。”邱兴华指出。
长期从事环境健康研究的中国环境科学研究院研究员段晓丽认为，暴露在雾霾环境中的时间长短，对健康的影响是不一样的。如果用短期暴露产生急性应激反应的风险评价结果，即单位浓度暴露水平下的剂量反应关系，去评价长期暴露带来的慢性健康损伤风险，会有高估风险的可能。
雾霾对健康的影响，每个人都想知道的更多。针对评估大气污染健康影响的科学难题，大气污染成因与控制技术研究重点专项列出一份任务清单：研究大气污染暴露评价和健康效应早期识别技术，研究大气细颗粒物对人体健康的急性和慢性健康损伤的暴露—反应关系，研究典型城市群大气污染的健康风险等等。
突破三项共性防治技术
21世纪中心资源环境处处长王磊，用“232”概括了大气污染成因与控制技术研究重点专项的总体目标。除了上面提到的要解决的两个基础科学问题以外，还要突破三项共性防治技术，建立两类应用示范平台。
对三项共性防治技术，专项给出了具体的任务指标。突破大气污染精细化监测预警技术，形成天地一体化监测能力和120小时以上精细化预报能力；形成典型重污染行业全过程治理技术能力，技术和管理进步对大气污染减排能力贡献率提升20%左右；形成联防联控决策支持技术能力，支撑建立完善的空气质量管理体系。
两类应用示范平台则包括，贯通基础研究—共性技术—应用示范，建立京津冀等联防联控示范区，形成污染综合治理技术方案，支撑重点地区重污染天气减少、重大活动空气质量达标。建立大气环境技术转化服务平台，扶持创新创业，大幅提升自主研发技术市场占有率。