China's Ministry of environmental protection: why is prone to heavy pollution of coal-fired heating process? -Smog, pollution-IT information
Coal-fired heating are Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei province and the surrounding area the main pollution sources in winter. During the Spring Festival, although a lot of the urban population, but residential heating not stop, central heating boiler emissions were not reduced. Due to coal-fired boiler from until July 2016 and full implementation of the new standards, the northern region lower pollution removal efficiency of coal-fired boiler for central heating, integrated removal efficiency is much lower than the industrial boilers. At present, treatment facilities generally do not meet requirements of the heating boiler, 20 steam heating boiler under the governance facility which is basically water integrated desulphurization and dust removal, pollution removal efficiency is low, while also on the stable operation of facilities is difficult to control.
Lot 10 steam ton heating boiler failed to take any of the following measures, pollutants discharged into the atmosphere. In 2016, the Beijing urban areas have basically eliminated the 10 steam tons and below coal-fired boilers, but Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei and its surrounding areas have a lot of 10 steam ton steam, 20 tonnes of coal-fired boiler in heating. In 2017, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the surrounding area to further strengthen governance at the central heating boiler transformation, reducing this part of the emissions.
The other hand, a large number of migrant workers returned home, rural residents in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei and its neighboring area heating emissions have increased. In recent years, the rural population to big cities, provincial capitals and cities to work more and more, parents stay at home for the elderly only . According to researcher in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei and its neighboring area survey, most elderly people in order to economize on coal, usually burned only a small stove for heating room heating valves on or off. But the family home during the Spring Festival, heating area and heating temperature get increase in demand, leading to sharp increase in coal consumption, emissions increased significantly. Also, monitoring data shows that recent cities in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei urban decline in SO2 concentrations, SO2 concentration in rural areas does not fall but rise also reflected an increase in emissions in rural areas.
To sum up, coal-fired heating and around Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei area did not drop during the Spring Festival period, city and the surrounding coal burning emission because workers returning home declined, but emissions increased significantly in the rural areas. Now, in extremely adverse weather conditions, pollutant emissions from coal-fired heating only, it is beyond the capacity, easily lead to heavy pollution. Thus accelerating clean heat project in northern China, increase the intensity of small coal-fired boilers out of governance is crucial.
Text/Nankai University professor Feng Yin factory
中国环保部：为什么燃煤采暖容易引发重污染过程？ - 雾霾,污染 - IT资讯
燃煤采暖是京津冀及周边地区冬季最主要的污染源。春节期间，城市人口虽然走了不少，但居民小区的供暖没有停，集中供暖锅炉的排放没有减少。由于燃煤锅炉新标准从2016年7月才开始全面实施，北方地区集中供暖的燃煤锅炉污染去除效率偏低，综合去除效率远低于工业锅炉。目前，针对采暖锅炉的治理设施普遍达不到要求，20蒸吨以下采暖锅炉用的治理设施基本是水磨脱硫除尘一体化，污染去除效率低，同时在设施稳定运行上也难以保证。
大量10蒸吨以下的采暖锅炉未采取任何治理措施，污染物直接排入大气中。2016年，北京市城镇地区基本淘汰了10蒸吨及以下燃煤锅炉，但京津冀及周边地区还有大量的10蒸吨、20蒸吨以下燃煤锅炉在供暖。2017年，京津冀及周边地区要在集中供暖燃煤锅炉上进一步加大治理改造力度，减少这部分的排放量。
另一方面，大量外地务工人员返乡后，京津冀及周边地区的农村居民采暖排放有所增加。近年来，农村居民到大城市、省会城市和地级城市务工的越来越多，仅父辈老人留守家中。据科研人员在京津冀及周边地区的调研结果显示，多数老人为了节约用煤，平时仅烧一台小炉子取暖或者关闭其他房间供暖阀门。但春节期间家人返乡，供暖面积和供暖温度等需求聚增，导致燃煤消耗大幅增加，污染物排放显著升高。同时，监测数据显示，近期京津冀各城市的城区SO2浓度有所下降，但农村地区的SO2浓度不降反升，也反映了农村地区燃煤排放的增加。
综上所述，京津冀及周边地区的燃煤采暖在春节期间没有下降，城区及周边的燃煤散烧排放因为务工人员返乡有所下降，但农村地区的燃煤排放显著增加。目前看，在极端不利气象条件下，仅燃煤取暖产生的污染物排放，就已经超出了环境容量，容易引发重污染过程。因此加快北方地区清洁取暖工程进度，加大燃煤小锅炉淘汰治理力度至关重要。
文/南开大学教授冯银厂