Corrupt Chinese "Ya bribe" amounts to asserting?

(Wang gang editing, legal evening news reporter Xiong Yingqi) on February 7, according to the China Youth daily, Jiangsu officials was 11 teapot "tripped".

Chen Maliang

Court verdict shows, Changzhou City Housing and the Housing Authority's former Deputy Secretary Chen Maliang 1.362 million Yuan bribery was sentenced to 5 years and 846,000 is 11 zisha teapot, belonging to the "elegant bribes."

"Ya bribes", that people no longer send officials real money, cars and houses and securities, instead of sending expensive cigarettes, calligraphy, rare antiques, such as Zhou Dingsong porcelain.

Is both arty and more subtle than the real money, "James bribes" quite a few "Ya greedy" favor. In addition, because of the authenticity and value of the goods subject to subjective awareness, market volatility and other factors, combined with the existing laws and regulations lack of recognized rules, "James bribes" become the official corruption and a covert channel.

"Ya bribes" related items such as jade, calligraphy and painting of continuingly valuation varies in different people and different places, how to identify these artefacts the bribe amount?

Reporters combed public judgment, "James bribes" the amount found in judicial practice, there are several ways.

1 to people the actual purchase price

Li Xiaoxi, Hunan province, former party member, Deputy Director of transportation, for taking bribes of 2.18 million Yuan and a teapot, tea set, was sentenced to 10 years and six months, 400,000 yuan and confiscation of personal property.

On amounts found in the teapot and tea sets, Hunan province high people's Court accepted "transaction amount" that direct evidence, on January 18, 2009, people buying teapots, tea sets by using the credit card account information and proof of payment transaction flow, the China Merchants Bank credit card in the Tang dynasty, Changsha city feather card 32575 Yuan tea shop.

This view is that bribery is bribery payment corresponding to the price in Exchange for proceeds, regardless of the real value of the goods is high or low, people here reflect the market currency is the most direct measure.

2 actual value appraisal results found

, Dingxi city, Gansu province, the people's Procuratorate allegation from 2006 to 2014, Ma Zongming served as guanghe County in Gansu province, the County Secretary, used his position, for the benefit of others, accepting bribes from 21 people, bribes valued at RMB 7,006,390 Yuan, US $260,000 yuan. In addition, their families and spend significantly more than his lawful income, valued at RMB 15.106 million Yuan, $145,200 property does not mean legitimate sources.

Reporters found that items received 131 heritage alone, by the Gansu Provincial cultural relics Appraisal Committee, two heritage 21 (sets), third class 66 pieces (sets), 37 pieces of cultural relics (sets), question 2 pieces (sets), reference product 2 pieces (sets), contemporary art 3 pieces (sets).

Identification of goods worth up to 11,106,160 Yuan, 114 of which fossil pieces of pottery, value 5.1192 million; 15 paintings, valued at 1.0005 million Yuan, 4 pieces of jade, worth 40,000 yuan, 5 watch 222600; 57 (blocks) without invoice gold worth 4.7236 million Yuan.

In addition, Ma Zongming has also been seized 2 kilograms of Cordyceps sinensis, price certification center in Gansu province, valued at 262,000, invoice bars 14 worth 1.635 million Yuan.

During the hearing, accused Ma Zongming on allegations of bribery, no objection to the facts of the crime of huge unidentified property, but argued that the expert opinion on the pots, identification of fossil prices too high.

Intermediate people's Court through the trial, dingxi city, Gansu province, believe that property of unknown source, calligraphy, pottery, ancient fossils in majority, its value should be taken into account market factors, sentencing discretion to sentence, to justify and defend opinions be accepted.

Finally, the Court found that defendant Ma Zongming bribes of RMB 7,006,390 Yuan, US $260,000, unaware of the true source of huge property 14.917 million Yuan, US $145,200, joinder, decided to Ma Zongming sentenced to 13 years, and confiscation of property of 500,000 yuan.

Reporter noted that, according to specialized forensic procedures "Ya slush" value and sentencing is the most commonly used means of judicial practice.

3 reasonable price which is found on both sides of bribery to confirm

Comb case process, reporters also found bribery failed to invoice, and no body can make decisions based on the appraisal of the value of case, as long as the testimony of witnesses and bribing purchase voucher to confirm each other, forming chains of evidence, the Court can also be confirmed.

Pingyao County, Shanxi province, the people's Procuratorate charged, before the Spring Festival in early 2011 to 2014, either of the defendants to use its chairmanship of the jiexiu City Bureau of the Secretary, from making false, lingshi work procedures, Wang Super 12 people were "transferred" jiexiu jiexiu city, State-owned assets management companies, Public Security Bureau, Southeast of jiexiu subdistrict offices, and other units.

Upon completion of the job transfer or redeployment in the course, the defendant repeatedly receiving thanks, a total of 424,000 yuan. Among them, Li Moujun Li Moumei thanks for any of the defendants will be his daughter "into" Chengguan in jiexiu city health inspection stations, at any such Office to any 2 "Buddhism and conception" coins, lost the invoice.

During the hearing, accused defenders say witness Li Moujun coins, because there are no commemorative coins of the invoice, will not find real, unable to make pricing and identification, so the amount of coins should be reconsidered.

Pingyao, Shanxi province, the people's Court believes that the confessions of the accused, as well as the testimony of witnesses and the voucher to purchase gold coins, reflection, forming chains of evidence, sufficient to found two pieces of gold coins is 24395.4 Yuan. Court, reflection on the above evidence some confirmation. Eventually someone illegally 424,000 property of the defendant, sentenced to two years and nine months, and fined 200,000 yuan.

Chen Maliang "Ya bribe" teapot in this case, counsel also suggested that requiring identification program recognized teapot price, but prosecutors believe that bribes paid teapot price three parties unanimously approved, clearly reflected in acts of bribery, bribery parties subjective intentions and objective, there is no need to do value appraisal. Eventually adopted the opinion of the public prosecutor of the Court and the accused, bribing people and teapot seller unanimously clear confessions, statements and transaction records of documentary evidence, the evidence fully.

"Ya bribes" the determination of prices, although in practice most comprehensive consideration of these items to the actual purchase price, identification of objective factors such as price, will give consideration to accepting people receive subjective price, but still need to be clearly defined legal or judicial interpretation.

Illicit money and goods ultimately went where?

According to media reports, the illicit money and goods seized by the discipline inspection and supervisory organs have two main fate: first, after the judgment of the Court, identified as proceeds of bribery and illegal decision to be turned over to the State Treasury; the second is identified as corruption, misappropriation of public funds, such as the nature of the Court, the proceeds to reimburse victims. In addition, because of lack of evidence and other reasons, the Court has not found that constitutes a crime in connection with the money must be returned to the suspects or their families.

In accordance with the provisions of the Penal Code and the code of criminal procedure, all the finance criminals illegal gains, other than law returned to the victim, and the rest shall be turned over to the State Treasury. In addition, according to primary investigators introduced, violation of most of the cases involved stolen goods after the relevant judicial proceedings, the courts were responsible for the auction, and proceeds from the sale to pay the Treasury.

(Editors: Liu Longlong UN827)
2017-02-07 21:42:04
Legal evening news

中国贪官“雅贿”金额如何认定？

　　（法制晚报记者 王岗 编辑 熊颖琪）2月7日，据《中国青年报》报道，江苏一官员被11把紫砂壶“绊倒”。

陈马良

　　法院判决书显示，常州市住房保障和房产管理局原副局长陈马良因受贿136.2万元被判处有期徒刑5年，其中84.6万元是11把紫砂茶壶，属于“雅贿”。

　　“雅贿”，即行贿人不再送官员真金白银、香车豪宅和有价证券，改而送天价香烟、名家字画、珍奇古玩、周鼎宋瓷等。

　　既附庸风雅又比真金白银更隐蔽，“雅贿”由此颇得一些“雅贪”欢心。另外，由于物品的真伪及价值受主观认识、市场波动等因素影响，加之现有法律法规缺乏统一认定细则， “雅贿”渐成官员腐败的又一隐蔽通道。

　　与“雅贿”相关的玉石、字画等物品真假难辨，估价在不同人和不同地方也不尽相同，如何来认定这些工艺品的受贿金额？

　　记者通过梳理公开的判决书，对于“雅贿”的金额认定，在司法实践上大体有这样几种方式。

　　1以行贿人实际购入价格计算

　　李晓希，原湖南省交通运输厅原党组成员、副厅长，因受贿218万元及紫砂壶一个、茶具一套，被判处有期徒刑十年六个月，并处没收个人财产人民币四十万元。

　　在对紫砂壶和茶具的金额认定上，湖南省高级人民法院采信“刷卡消费金额”这一直接证据，2009年1月18日，行贿人夏某某购买茶壶、茶具时所使用信用卡的开户资料及付款交易流水证明，其招行信用卡在长沙市唐羽茗茶商铺刷卡消费人民币32575元。

　　该种观点认为，行贿物品是行贿人支付相应对价换取所得，无论该物品的真实价值是高还是低，在行贿人这里，其反映的就是最直接的市场货币衡量标准。

　　2以物品实际所值鉴定结果认定

　　甘肃省定西市人民检察院指控，2006年至2014年，马宗明担任甘肃省广河县县长、县委书记期间，利用职务之便，为他人谋取利益，收受21人贿赂，受贿款物价值共计人民币700.639万元、美元26万元。此外，其家庭财产和支出明显超过合法收入，对价值人民币1510.6万元、美元14.52万元的财产不能说明合法来源。

　　记者发现，其收受的物品中仅文物就有131件，经甘肃省文物鉴定委员会鉴定，其中二级文物21件(套)、三级文物66件(套)、一般文物37件(套)、存疑2件(套)、参考品2件(套)、现当代艺术品3件(套)。

　　鉴定物品总价值为高达1110.616万元，其中114件陶器化石，价值511.92万元；15件书画，价值100.05万元；4件玉石，价值4万元；5块手表22.26万元；57个(块)鉴定无发票黄金，价值472.36万元。

　　此外，马宗明还被起获冬虫夏草2千克，甘肃省价格认证中心调查，价值26.2万元，有发票的金条14块，价值163.5万元。

　　庭审中，被告人马宗明对指控的受贿、巨额财产来源不明的犯罪事实无异议，但辩称鉴定意见对陶罐、化石的价格鉴定太高。

　　甘肃省定西市中级人民法院经审理认为，不明来源的财产中陶罐、古化石、书画占大部分，对其价值应综合考虑市场变化因素，量刑时可酌情判处，故对该辩解和辩护意见予以采纳。

　　最终， 法院认定被告人马宗明的受贿款人民币700.639万元、美元26万元，不明真实来源的巨额财产人民币1491.7万元、美元14.52万元，数罪并罚，决定判处马宗明有期徒刑十三年，并处没收财产50万元。

　　记者注意到，依据专门司法鉴定程序确定“雅贿”物品价值并量刑，是目前司法实践最常用的手段。

　　3以行受贿双方认定的合理价确认

　　梳理判例过程中，记者还发现，在行贿物品没有发票，且没有机构作出可作判罚依据的价值鉴定的情形下，只要证人证言与购买行贿物品的凭证能够相互印证，形成证据锁链，法院也能予以确认。

　　山西省平遥县人民检察院指控，2011年初至2014年春节前，被告人任某某利用其担任介休市人事局局长的便利，从灵石县制作虚假的工作手续，将王某超等12人分别”调入”介休市国有资产经营公司、介休市公安局、介休市东南街道办事处等单位工作。

　　在工作调动过程中或调动结束后，被告人任某某多次收受感谢费，共计人民币42.4万元。其中，李某军为感谢被告人任某某将其女儿李某梅“调入”介休市城关卫生监督站工作，在任某某的办公室送给任某某2块“佛缘三境”纪念币，发票遗失。

　　庭审中，被告人辩护人称，证人李某军给的纪念币，因为没有纪念币的发票，也找不到实物，无法作价格鉴定，所以纪念币的数额应当重新考虑。

　　山西省平遥县人民法院认为，被告人的供述，以及证人证言与购买金币的凭证能够相互印证，形成证据锁链，足以认定两块金币是24395.4元。故法院对上述证据相互印证部分予以确认。最终认定被告人任某某非法收受他人财物42.4万元，判处有期徒刑二年九个月，并处罚金人民币20万元。

　　在陈马良“雅贿”紫砂壶这一案件中，其辩护人也提出，需要经过鉴定程序确认紫砂壶价格，但公诉人认为，行贿人支付的紫砂壶价格有三方一致认可，明确反映了行贿、受贿方的主观意图及客观行为，没有必要再做价值鉴定。法院最终采纳了公诉人的意见，认为有被告人、行贿人沈某及紫砂壶卖家的一致明确的供述、陈述及成交时的记录书证，证据确实充分。

　　对于“雅贿”物品价格的认定，尽管司法实践中大多综合考虑到这些物品实际购买价格、鉴定价格等客观因素，也要考虑到受贿人收受时主观认定的价格，但仍需要法律或者司法解释明确加以规定。

　　赃款赃物最终去了哪里？

　　据媒体报道，纪检监察机关缴获的赃款赃物主要有两个去向：一是法院判决后，判决中认定为受贿和违法所得的要上缴国库；二是法院认定为贪污、挪用公款等性质的，赃款要发还受害单位。此外，由于证据不足等原因，法院未认定构成犯罪的涉案款项要退还给犯罪嫌疑人或家属。

　　按照《刑法》和《刑事诉讼法》规定，犯罪分子违法所得的一切财务，除依法返还被害人的以外，其余一律上缴国库。此外，据基层办案人员介绍，违纪违法案件的涉案赃物大多在经过相关司法程序后，由法院负责拍卖，再将拍卖所得上缴国库。

(责任编辑：柳龙龙 UN827)
2017-02-07 21:42:04
法制晚报