People's daily: China who actually stole the children's "scientific dreams"? -Science-IT information
There are two findings, it is worth attention:
Headquartered in Paris, economic cooperation and development said recently that the 2015 international students ' abilities test (PISA) shows that China "expect to enter science-related industry in the future the proportion of students who" only 16.8%, which is not only lower than the 38% of the United States, and far below the average for the States members of the Organization 24.5%.
Not unique. China Youth and children Research Center also conducted a similar survey in late 2013. By 5,696 schoolchildren in China survey found that less than 1/3 (32.3%) high school students want to engage in science-related work, 17 and 12% less than the United States and South Korea, both numbers are 49.3% and 44.6%.
Faced with such results, it is inevitable that some heavy. Once upon a time, the children chanted in chorus "grow up want to be a scientist" scenario seems to be only a memory of the times. People cannot help asking: who actually stole the children's "scientific dreams"?
Carefully analyzed, causes are manifold. Treatment of scientific researchers are not entirely satisfactory, for a long time, do research, science was described as particularly difficult and tedious work is an important factor. In response, Gu Jun, a professor at Shanghai University calls "to reflect how society did not form a scientific research is the most enjoyable and most meaningful consensus, which formed in the whole society are most happy and most valuable professional knowledge. ”
There are many scholars called for, to protect the children's curiosity about science, with the correct and healthy way of science education, science of seed in the child's mind. Only by so doing, can in the future, society as a whole to create a climate of respect for science, and science, resulting in thick, rich soil, conserve beautiful flower of science.
In-depth development of scientific education, it is urgent to
Institute of geology, Chinese Academy of geological sciences researcher, Su Dechen, a geologist has told a story of his experiences, thought-provoking:
"More than 10 years Qian, I in German participate in for 3 months of international city science drilling training, visit German small town nadelingen, I side one female visitors refers to with distance looming of ring landforms to I introduced, this is a by meteorite impact formed of diameter near 30 km of concave pit, whole nadelingen is located in a impact pit within, in huge of meteorite impact role Xia, original of rock structure and mineral components occurred has strongly of changes. Listening to her presentation, I thought she must be a trained geologist, but I didn't know she was a doctor, was a tourist. In contrast with this is, as in more than 10 years ago, when I talk about our country and a biologist has completed thousands of metres of continental scientific drilling, the biologist asked me, if it hit the Earth to wear. Which is clearly contrary to scientific knowledge, because to understand the geological knows that, the diameter of the Earth is 12800 kilometers, average thickness of 33 km of continental crust. ”
"I'm not making fun of the biologist, silos, the rapid development of modern science and technology, professional Division of labor more and more detailed, growing gap between different professions, different disciplines. But conversely, finer division and differences, between different disciplines and professional staff is needed for science and communication, different professions, different areas of discipline, more conducive to scientific discovery and technological progress. "Su Dechen added.
Yes, between scientists from different fields and different professional needs of science and society as a whole needs science, improve science literacy. At present, we have entered the era of information explosion, knowledge gets faster and faster, more and more, but more and more rumors, Rumors spread fast, popular science to root, is imminent.
"More important is that our next generation, the correct scientific education for our children, to let the kids know that they are ' picked out of the trash ', the Earth, is there a more vast universe, the feet of every stone has its own story......" there is call for.
"One's life need a variety of education and humanities education, arts education, science education, education in each category plays a different role in human life. But for most Chinese children, science and education will be relatively new, with our traditional cultures related to the humanities and arts advocate in, and related to the current training of the children schools and families. But as we know, a complete person needs not only the Humanities need artistic accomplishment, also need additional training, particularly training of scientific thinking, you need to have a wealth of scientific knowledge and master the science of dialectical mode of thinking. This is especially important in modern society. "The Institute of vertebrate paleontology and paleoanthropology research fellow Xu XING said.
Science education, that is, let us learn to "think like a scientist"
The soil of a country's development needs, a person's growth, but also rely on the accumulation of scientific literacy.
The following dialog, is typical:
Naughty little boy asked his mother: "MOM, why do we eat? "The boy's mother replied blankly:" to eat, of course, or it will starve! "Mama don't care about words children" choking "in the silence. The same scene, a mother gives a different answer: "because we need to give the body energy. "" Why body need energy? "" Because you are running, dancing, reading, playing the energy required to run out of energy, it is necessary. "" Why energy will run out of it? "Because......"
Apparently, the mother answers, answers than the first mother, can help children open the door to scientific discovery, guiding children to use the scientific method of thinking and problem solving.
Let the children "think like a scientist", is also the world's economic cooperation and development in the 2015PISA one of the first advocates of testing concepts. Students identify scientific issues in the past, using scientific evidence to explain scientific issues, on the basis of ability to solve scientific problems, the OECD proposes for the first time "think like scientists" such a high, and new goals.
Objectives proposed, would require students to learn and knowledge relating to the natural changes, Earth movement, and try to experience how scientists work, learning the methods of scientific research. "Through personal experience should be observed and experiment to collect evidence, data processing, reasoning, and reveals some of the causes of the natural world and the laboratory. Teachers should continue to stimulate children's interest in exploring the unknown world, guiding students to raise questions, bold questions, help students learn scientific thinking, improving the scientific research ability. "Analysis of East China Normal University Professor Wang Zuhao School of teacher education.
Certainly, achieved such of target does not easy, "Science need strictly of logic, need evidence, then in evidence of based Shang for reasoning, obtained conclusion, again for series validation, and package science of thinking way, including thinking of habits, many adults are is is lack of, for children for, is so, to in childhood period, on training this thinking of habits, to for life playing easy science thinking of Foundation. "Xu said.
Let science "abilities" beyond science "knowledge"
Careful analysis of the 2015 years of PISA test questions, it is not difficult to find, questions focused on student reading test, observation and analysis of the data, presentation of evidence, based on evidential reasoning ability, and these requirements will be integrated into the "greenhouse effect" in this situation, students answer the questions at the same time, social reality, promote scientific thinking ability of the concept.
"Students to solve practical problems in the process of further deepening the awareness of the importance of environmental protection. This question will be the integration of scientific literacy in student activities, and planned to implement ways of Chinese primary and middle school science curriculum drawn. "Analysis of Wang Zuhao.
In this regard, some academics ' analysis: more important than knowledge, is a way of thinking. But at present, many primary and secondary schools curriculum and teaching methods, still more emphasis on knowledge transfer. How to make tacit abilities beyond explicit knowledge, become important links to the teaching process, further efforts are needed.
However, there is exciting news. Late last year, at the Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center in China with a long second d carrier rocket, successfully Takakage, first commercial remote sensing satellite is launched. The mission, also equipped with launch of China's first high school student science satellite--"Army Day ? juvenile" satellite. "Army Day ? juvenile" is China's first satellite by space experts Guide, bayi, Beijing schools over more than 40 high school students participate in developing and leading part of the load design a low-orbit scientific satellites.
The small science satellite launched successfully is an important show of Chinese primary and middle school students science capability. At present, has a growing number of school science curriculum, through social work, the formation of interest groups, interdisciplinary teaching, encourage students to carry out in-depth scientific discovery activities.
More was excited of is, in recent years, science universal of environment also increasingly good, not only national of attention degree increasingly high, and has has increasingly more of scientists is committed to science universal work, science Captain science FM Muse Lady science spring such of public science platform came into being, most strong brain challenge impossible, program also attract has large youth of concern, this are for inspired youth of science interest, and upgrade whole social of science literacy, injected has a unit fresh of power.
人民日报：究竟是谁偷走了中国孩子们的“科学梦”？ - 科学 - IT资讯
有这样两则调查结果，值得关注：
据总部设在巴黎的经济合作与发展组织不久前公布的2015年国际学生能力测试（PISA）的结果显示，中国“将来期望进入科学相关行业从业的学生比例”仅为16.8%，这一比例不仅低于美国的38%，也远低于该组织成员国24.5%的平均水平。
无独有偶。中国青少年研究中心2013年底也曾开展过类似调查。通过对中国5696名中小学生的调查发现，只有不到1/3（32.3%）的高中生将来想从事科学相关工作，比美国和韩国少17和12个百分点，这两个国家的数字分别是49.3%和44.6%。
面对这样的结果，心情难免有些沉重。曾几何时，小朋友们齐声高呼“长大想当科学家”的情景似乎只成了一个时代的记忆。人们不禁会问：究竟是谁偷走了孩子们的“科学梦”？
细细分析，成因恐怕是多方面的。科研工作者的待遇还不完全令人满意，长期以来，做科研、搞科学被描述为特别艰苦、单调的工作都是重要因素。对此，上海大学教授顾骏呼吁，“要认真反思全社会何以没有形成科学研究是最快乐、最有意义的事的共识，从而在全社会形成科学家是最幸福、最有价值的职业的认知。”
还有不少学者呼吁，要呵护孩子们对科学的好奇心，用正确、健康的科学教育的方式，将科学的种子种在孩子的心中。只有如此，才能在未来，在整个社会营造尊重科学、崇尚科学的氛围，从而在厚实、饱满的土壤里，涵养出美丽的科学之花。
深入开展科学教育，迫在眉睫
中国地质科学院地质研究所研究员、地质学家苏德辰曾经讲述过这样一个他亲身经历的故事，耐人寻味：
“十几年前，我在德国参加为期3个月的国际大陆科学钻探培训，参观德国小城镇纳德林根，我身旁一位女游客指着远处隐约可见的环形地貌向我介绍，这是一个由陨石撞击形成的直径近30公里的凹坑，整个纳德林根坐落在一个撞击坑内，在巨大的陨石撞击作用下，原有的岩石结构和矿物成分发生了强烈的变化。听了她的介绍，我以为她一定是一位训练有素的地质学家，但没想到，她是一位医生，也是一名游客。与此形成反差的是，同样在十几年前，当我与一位生物学家在聊起我们国家已经完成了一口几千米的大陆科学钻井时，这位生物学家问我，这能否将地球打穿。而这个问题显然是有悖科学常识的，因为对地质有所了解的人都知道，地球的直径有12800公里，大陆地壳的厚度平均为33公里。”
“我并不是在嘲笑这位生物学家，隔行如隔山，现代科技的迅速发展，专业分工越来越细，不同专业、不同学科之间的隔阂越来越大。但反过来，分工和差别越精细，越需要在不同学科和专业的人员之间进行科普与沟通，不同专业、不同领域的学科交叉，更有利于科学发现和技术进步。”苏德辰补充道。
是的，不同领域、不同专业的科学家之间需要互相科普，整个社会也需要科普，提升科学素养。当前，我们已经进入信息大爆炸的时代，知识获取的速度越来越快，渠道也越来越多，但谣言、传言的传播速度也越来越快，全民科普以正本清源，迫在眉睫。
“更重要的是，我们要对下一代，对我们的孩子进行正确的科学教育，要让孩子们了解自己并不是‘从垃圾桶中捡回来的’、地球之外还有一个更加辽阔的宇宙、脚下踩着的每一块石头也都有自己的故事……”还有学者呼吁。
“人的一生需要各种各样的教育，人文教育、艺术教育、科学教育，每一类教育在人的一生当中都会起到不同的作用。但对大多数中国孩子来说，科学教育会相对陌生一点，这与我们传统文化中对人文和艺术的提倡有关，也与当前学校和家庭对孩子的培养方式有关。但我们知道，一个完整的人不仅需要人文情怀，需要艺术素养，还需要其他方面的训练，尤其需要科学思维的训练，需要具备丰富的科学知识，掌握辩证的科学思维方式。这一点在现代社会尤其重要。”中国科学院古脊椎动物与古人类研究所研究员徐星认为。
科学教育，就是让我们学会“像科学家一样思考”
一个国家的发展需要科学的土壤，一个人的成长，也离不开科学素养的积淀。
如下对话，十分典型：
调皮的小男孩问妈妈：“妈妈，我们为什么要吃饭？”小男孩的妈妈面无表情地回答：“当然要吃饭了，不然就会被饿死！”妈妈毫不在意的一句话，将孩子“噎”在了沉默里。同样的场景，另外一位母亲给出了不同的答案： “因为，我们需要给身体输入能量呀。”“身体为什么需要输入能量呢？”“因为你跑步、跳舞、看书、玩耍都需要能量，能量用完了，就需要补充呢。”“能量为什么会用完呢？”“因为……”
显然，这位母亲的回答，就比第一位母亲的回答，更能帮助孩子开启科学探知的大门，引导孩子用科学的方法思考和解决问题。
让孩子“像科学家一样思考”，也正是世界经济合作与发展组织在2015PISA测试中首次倡导的理念之一。在过去考核学生识别科学问题、运用科学证据解释科学问题、解决科学问题的能力的基础上，世界经合组织首次提出了“像科学家一样思考”这样一个更高的、全新的目标。
目标的提出，就要求学生们不仅要了解与自然变化、地球运动有关的知识，还要尝试去体验科学家是如何工作的，学习科学研究的一系列方法。“要通过亲身经历观察、实验等过程收集证据，处理数据，进行推理，初步揭示自然世界和实验室中一些现象的成因。教师要不断激发儿童对探究未知世界的兴趣，引导学生提出问题，大胆质疑，帮助学生逐步学会科学思维，提高科学探究能力。” 华东师范大学教师教育学院教授王祖浩分析。
当然，实现这样的目标并不容易，“科学需要严格的逻辑思维，需要证据，然后在证据的基础上进行推理，得出结论，再进行一系列验证，而整套科学的思维方式，包括思维的习惯，很多成年人都是十分缺乏的，对于孩子来说，也是如此，要在童年时期，就培养这种思维的习惯，从而为一生打好用科学思考的底子。”徐星提到。
让科学“能力”超越科学“知识”
仔细分析2015年的PISA试题，不难发现，试题侧重考查了学生阅读材料、观察和分析数据、提出证据、基于证据推理的能力，同时将对这些能力的要求整合在“温室效应”这一情境当中，让学生在解答问题的同时，观照社会现实、提升科学思维能力。
“学生在解决实际问题的过程中进一步加深了对环境保护重要性的认识。这种通过提出问题将科学素养的各要素整合于学生活动之中，并有计划地予以实施的方式，值得中国中小学的科学课程广泛借鉴。” 王祖浩分析。
对此，还有学者分析：比知识更为重要的，是思考问题的方式。但目前不少中小学的课程标准和教学方式，仍然较为重视知识的传授。如何让隐性的能力超越显性的知识，成为教学过程的重要指向，还需要进一步努力。
不过，也有令人振奋的消息传来。去年年底，中国在太原卫星发射中心用长征二号丁运载火箭，成功将高景一号商业遥感卫星发射升空。此次任务，还搭载发射了中国首颗中学生科普小卫星——“八一·少年行”卫星。“八一·少年行”卫星是中国首颗由航天专家指导、北京市八一学校40余名中学生全程参与研制并主导部分载荷设计工作的一颗低轨道科普卫星。
这颗科普小卫星的发射成功，是中国中小学生科学能力提升的重要表现。当前，已经有越来越多的学校重视科学课程，通过社会实践、组建兴趣小组、多学科交叉教学等方式鼓励学生开展深入的科学探知活动。
更加令人兴奋的是，近几年来，科学普及的环境也越来越好，不仅国家的重视程度越来越高，而且已有越来越多的科学家致力于科学普及工作，《科学队长》《科学FM》《缪斯夫人》《科学春秋》这样的公共科普平台应运而生，《最强大脑》《挑战不可能》等节目也吸引了大量青少年的关注，这都为激发青少年的科学兴趣、提升整个社会的科学素养，注入了一股新鲜的力量。