Shaanxi peasant survey: 50 farewell after work after the not travelled | |90 | left-behind children of migrant workers to return home _ news
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"After 50": say goodbye to half working
"Do not move, and built this building no longer live. "Rental in Xian suo Wei Qunan Street, one less than 10 square meters of the House, 59 years old bricklayer Zhang Jianzhu said.
Simple furnishings in the room, only a single bed and a surface mottled, and wooden tables piled with debris, no heat. Zhang Jianzhu moved from the corner of a Chair, wiped the dust with a rag, motioned the reporter sat down and talked. That day was March 12, when rainy day, site of a suspension, Zhang Jianzhu had a rare break.
From 1977 to the present, except for the occasional home or farm for a wife, Zhang Jianzhu had been around the XI ' an city, weinan, who run on the site. This time, he's ready to go home.
Work can not move
Zhang Jianzhu career collective era of construction workers. In 1975, Zhang Jianzhu graduated junior high school became a coolie He Liuxiang architectural team of the people's commune in weinan, a day to remember 10 work, 4 cents subsidy.
Construction crews are not every day, Zhang Jianzhu and his wife take care of the household responsibility system of land, do a little business. Early 80 's of the last century, in a run to the fellow at the instigation of weinan city contractors, Zhang Jianzhu also from the collective architectural team to town.
This step, Zhang Jianzhu entered the unprecedented population migration in China since the reform and opening up. In the mid 1980 of the 20th century, the major migrant rural labor force. In China's urban-rural dualistic structure, the "migrant workers" as Zhang Jianzhu's new identity. Due to the lower level, practical part, males into building site, women entered the domestic industries, becoming the first generation of migrant workers than any other career choices.
From the side, moving bricks, carrying cement, the most basic of things, Zhang Jianzhu becoming a bricklayer. He played in weinan and multiple construction sites between XI ' an, brick by brick base built a House Office buildings, school buildings, Department stores and residential.
7 o'clock in the morning to work, 1.5 hour dinner break at noon, 6:30 a day. As long as there is work to do, and not rain or snow days, Zhang Jianzhu every day with the rest of life, every one or two months, savings will be sent home. In 2016, wife got Zhang Jianzhu earned 40,000 dollars.
To Zhang Jianzhu age, many farmers began to leave the city.
5 years ago, Zhang Jianzhu had intended to go home to farm in old age. "His son built a two-story house in the countryside and married a wife, in the heart of big stone fell. "To go back to stay for two weeks to live. "Every day you don't see incomes, heart trouble. ”
Now, Zhang Jianzhu feel really old.
"A few years ago transportation time, walking home is four or five hours, did not feel tired. Sometimes a few days does not work or feeling uncomfortable. Not now, stay low back pain was bad in less than half a day. "Zhang Jianzhu smiled, light a cigarette.
Not old Zhang Jianzhu alone. Reform for nearly 40 years, the first generation of many migrant workers, who is over six years old. Brunette hair, body bent, they no longer building site despite years of young adults, or the quick hands and feet on a factory assembly line workers.
Statistics from the Ministry of human resources and social security, migrant workers born after 1980 have accounted for more than 70% migrant workers, became the subject of migrant workers. This suggests that "after 50" as the main part of the first generation of migrant workers, are gradually withdrawn from the stage of history.
"Back to the land, and also thousands of dollars a year income and wage difference is too big. "Zhang Jianzhu failure to pay social security, there is no pension. He thought went home to do some farming businesses in order to support their life.
Zhang Jianzhu also noted that the current concentration of migrant workers on a construction site in over 40 years. "Young people are not willing to do this. When my son high school summer vacation, had followed me to work for a few days to live, said don't come to this place, and working for a long time, too tired. ”
Luo Cheng, a researcher at the rural development Institute, Shaanxi Provincial Academy of social sciences said that gradually exit as the old generation of migrant workers, young people do not want to bother to construction industry labour shortages gradually. And the industry itself in technology upgrades, ageing workforce, new technology or face dilemma of lack of control.
Working out a disease
Comparing Zhang Jianzhu, some migrant workers leave work cause more frustration--disease, particularly occupational diseases. "The core of China's occupational disease is pneumoconiosis and pneumoconiosis pneumoconiosis is the core of the migrant workers. "In 2016, the Chinese farmers ' living conditions survey report of pneumoconiosis in the Chinese social assistance Foundation love cleaning fund sponsors Wang Keqin wrote. It is understood that the proportion of migrant workers in pneumoconiosis patients up to 90%.
Nearly 50 years old Li Yanjiang, 4 years ago was diagnosed with pneumoconiosis issue. Since then, he left 27 years working mines, after receiving lung lavage in the treatment, back home in shangluo m Liang Zhen Zhen River village resort. He attempted to the construction site to do small jobs, but because of the physical discomfort to hang on. Now, he has to bear any heavy work, family sources rely on wife working outside home and harvest of wheat and potatoes, had liabilities of nearly 30,000 yuan.
Li Yanjiang border village of 980 households in more than 130 employees in pneumoconiosis patients. According to Shaanxi workspace daaiqing dust Fund according to the information provided, during the period from 1986 to 1990 migrant peak, border village of migrant people preferred gold, sanmenxia city, Henan province, after some people turn in Jincheng city, Shanxi province, and the coal mine of Datong city, linfen city and other places, as well as Hebei and Inner Mongolia provinces of iron ore and coal mines. Villagers walk only two cement road in the village, village north, out of the Qinling Mountains, in search of a living.
"Small-scale mining, no signed labor contracts with the mine. Have not received training, did not understand labour protection. "Li Yanjiang said.
Daaiqing funds issued by 2016 China dust pneumoconiosis mentioned in farmers ' living conditions survey, at first, whether miners are migrant workers, lack of awareness of occupational health protection. Along with the development of the times, in 2001 the law on occupational disease prevention the production puts clear and strict regulatory requirements, some factories have improved technology, regular medical examinations. It is regrettable that, thousands of migrant workers has long been victimized by dust.
To do this, Luo Cheng described the first generation of migrant workers as the "lost generation", on their road to work was hit many times of the system is not perfect.
In November 2013, promulgated by the State Council, China clearly proposed "to increase the intensity of the prevention and treatment of pneumoconiosis" and change the passive situation of pneumoconiosis issues have long been neglected.
In January 2016, the State family planning Commission of China, the China national development and Reform Commission, Ministry of science and technology, and ten ministries jointly issued a circular on strengthening the peasant workers ' opinions on the prevention and control of pneumoconiosis, proposes the inclusion of migrant workers of pneumoconiosis, such as serious illness insurance enjoyed the low relief a range of specific job requirements. Wang Keqin says: "to fundamentally solve the problem of peasant workers of pneumoconiosis laid the Foundation".
Working life also has proud
"You see, this is the post and telecommunication building in weinan Jia Shu yuan, which is in Lintong, terracotta warriors and horses near the store......" construction workers in the city 35, last year my son received a dignified life in the family living in the town of Liu Tianren pulls out photos to this reporter. Before returning home, he ran several cities, for their participation in the construction of engineering took over more than 20 photos. "Unfortunately, some year in the suburbs of, already in the process of urban expansion has been torn down. ”
As with the other millions of migrant workers, put up a steel hand, saw a block of buildings go up, Liu Tianren for work, the city has a special feeling.
Compared to his home village to farm, Liu Tianren felt all these years in the city "is truly a learning experience", particularly attention and people from quiet, carefully maintained and contractors and workers of social relations. "Sometimes, in a village for a long time, had become acquainted with local villagers, often someone will shout me to dinner, sometimes felt in town than at home or eat away! ”
Liu Tianren doesn't mind being called "migrant workers", he of the conduct of the work as his own. "I think work is the most secure, one day there will be a day of money. Unlike business, UPS and downs, when hot money, is also a great risk of closure of unprofitable. ”
Liu Tianren most gratifying is that wage earners income helped him hold up the home most of the day. He has a Palm size black soft leather pocket book, almost a day does not fall to remember their income and spending. Over the years, the money savings by Liu Tianren, far away in the home of his wife and three sons and daughters don't have to worry about clothing and books, while experienced wage arrears of misery-"most disturbing one in 1996 for the new year, not from the hands of the contractors get paid until 29, in time to return home before the new year's Eve. ”
"So one out for a long time, really poor. Do you remember that year, he had not told me, and took me on a visit to XI ' an. "Sit on the sidelines of the wife's eyes get a little red, wiped his eyes, reminded Liu Tianren.
Years of eating irregularly, Liu Tianren 42 years old suffering from stomach problems, a burst pain, it was suspected that he had an incurable disease. Wife has never been to places outside of the county seat, had never travelled on a train, he took his wife to Xian to play four or five days, visiting nearly 10 points, sent home after his wife the next day hospitalization, but fortunately sustained no serious injury.
"People who work outside, everything tasted. "Liu Tianren to continue turning over more than 20 pictures, could not help but sigh. Hands undertakes, exposed brick and cement, is very dry and rough, and left many cracks. However, Liu Tianren brow, but always with a smile. (Reporters Kang Chuanyi trainee reporters Meng Ke)
"After the": not to go home
"Migrant workers" label for this group "after the" are both familiar and strange. On one hand, their household registration in rural areas, displaced from their homes, "migrant workers" cannot erase the identity on the other, they settled in the city early, settled down, and "urban" lifestyle, they is already strange in rural areas. Accompanied by a process of industrialization, urban differences narrowed, household registration barrier broken and two-way population flows. The future, farmers will become a professional, "migrant workers", may end in "after the".
"After the" migrant workers, gradually became the main force of migrant workers. Compared with their parents, the new generation of migrant workers have different expectations for city life, they turned into room, express delivery and other emerging occupational groups; they were hiding in the village in the corner, humble shop into a favorite of nearby residents, who followed with the pace of urban development, carve out new migrant workers living in different than their parents.
Embarrassed, perseverance, struggle and effort, lost and happy ... ... "After the" migrant workers, the city gave them dreams the broad stage, and their dreams and pursuits, are no longer limited by the paper household registration.
In the provincial capital, looking for decent work
Early on March 10, Zhang 86 gate community, journalists saw de Gaulle accommodation. When de Gaulle was put on beautiful round out the room uniform. De Gaulle was born in 1993, young, he has to fight over 3 years in XI ' an.
Gaulle to tidy your room need said: "my house is rural, Hu, the earliest to XI ' an, is also working on site, then took on Smartphones and buy, I will do this. "Speaking," beep, "a cell phone rings, de Gaulle took out the cell phone in his pocket and began immediately" grab ". "You see, it will enter the ' combat '! "De Gaulle smiled and said.
Mr Klosson expressed the Basic is starting from around 10 o'clock in the morning of a day's work, to some, his variety of sell orders on a mobile platform will be "rushing". First of all he had to do was to grab take-out orders, received after a single, he quickly rode the electric car to the designated place to get takeout, and then hand them to the customer as soon as possible.
"The floor around 3800 Yuan a month's basic task is about 600 single, after completion of the task, the extra income can each send a single 6-money. "De Gaulle told reporters," and compared to wages in the South, we are lower, but now also earn much, wage differences have little appeal, people are reluctant to go out around me. Meanwhile, XI ' an, after all, close to home, I would also like to consider the problems of married parents and home care in the future. ”
Room request is not high, a takeout company distribution requirements are very simple: work wear overalls, can ride the electric car, with a smart phone. But the job is still stressful, de Gaulle said, I was afraid of traffic or rain and snow, sent late, spilt rice is customer complaints.
However, even so, de Gaulle continued to believe that the job than farming in the countryside brings him more decent. As a "after the" de Gaulle growing along with the rapid development of information technology, "is not the same in the city, enjoy public resources than the sticks, know more, in front of fellow very face. ”
National Bureau of Shaanxi survey data shows that in 2016, the total migrant 7.107 million people in Shaanxi Province, for the first time exceeded 7 million. Among them, the percentage of migrant workers in the province of 78.8%, representing an increase of 1.9%. In addition, a noteworthy phenomenon is that proportion of highly educated migrants increased, the new generation of migrant workers have become the main force. The so-called "migrant workers", which refers to the migrant rural labor force born after 1980. "After the": not to go home
"Migrant workers" label for this group "after the" are both familiar and strange. On one hand, their household registration in rural areas, displaced from their homes, "migrant workers" cannot erase the identity on the other, they settled in the city early, settled down, and "urban" lifestyle, they is already strange in rural areas. Accompanied by a process of industrialization, urban differences narrowed, household registration barrier broken and two-way population flows. The future, farmers will become a professional, "migrant workers", may end in "after the".
"After the" migrant workers, gradually became the main force of migrant workers. Compared with their parents, the new generation of migrant workers have different expectations for city life, they turned into room, express delivery and other emerging occupational groups; they were hiding in the village in the corner, humble shop into a favorite of nearby residents, who followed with the pace of urban development, carve out new migrant workers living in different than their parents.
Embarrassed, perseverance, struggle and effort, lost and happy ... ... "After the" migrant workers, the city gave them dreams the broad stage, and their dreams and pursuits, are no longer limited by the paper household registration.
In the provincial capital, looking for decent work
Early on March 10, Zhang 86 gate community, journalists saw de Gaulle accommodation. When de Gaulle was put on beautiful round out the room uniform. De Gaulle was born in 1993, young, he has to fight over 3 years in XI ' an.
Gaulle to tidy your room need said: "my house is rural, Hu, the earliest to XI ' an, is also working on site, then took on Smartphones and buy, I will do this. "Speaking," beep, "a cell phone rings, de Gaulle took out the cell phone in his pocket and began immediately" grab ". "You see, it will enter the ' combat '! "De Gaulle smiled and said.
Mr Klosson expressed the Basic is starting from around 10 o'clock in the morning of a day's work, to some, his variety of sell orders on a mobile platform will be "rushing". First of all he had to do was to grab take-out orders, received after a single, he quickly rode the electric car to the designated place to get takeout, and then hand them to the customer as soon as possible.
"The floor around 3800 Yuan a month's basic task is about 600 single, after completion of the task, the extra income can each send a single 6-money. "De Gaulle told reporters," and compared to wages in the South, we are lower, but now also earn much, wage differences have little appeal, people are reluctant to go out around me. Meanwhile, XI ' an, after all, close to home, I would also like to consider the problems of married parents and home care in the future. ”
Room request is not high, a takeout company distribution requirements are very simple: work wear overalls, can ride the electric car, with a smart phone. But the job is still stressful, de Gaulle said, I was afraid of traffic or rain and snow, sent late, spilt rice is customer complaints.
However, even so, de Gaulle continued to believe that the job than farming in the countryside brings him more decent. As a "after the" de Gaulle growing along with the rapid development of information technology, "is not the same in the city, enjoy public resources than the sticks, know more, in front of fellow very face. ”
National Bureau of Shaanxi survey data shows that in 2016, the total migrant 7.107 million people in Shaanxi Province, for the first time exceeded 7 million. Among them, the percentage of migrant workers in the province of 78.8%, representing an increase of 1.9%. In addition, a noteworthy phenomenon is that proportion of highly educated migrants increased, the new generation of migrant workers have become the main force. The so-called "migrant workers", which refers to the migrant rural labor force born after 1980.
Independent, knowledgeable, young dare to fight, willing to accept new things, these "after the" migrant workers on stark display the qualities upon de Gaulle. Even though they know that chose to stay in the city is full of challenges and hardships, but they "city of dreams" Beginner's mind is always reduced.
Don't want kids when the left-behind children
Located in XI San Huan Shui Community of small and mobile repair shop, is a reputable repair shop. Good technology, good service and cheap prices, this is the General evaluation of residents around the shop. Shop operator He Mingliang, is a 26 years old boy from a healthy village.
"I am a specialist in health, from school after graduating from XI ' an, just want to be sure to get a job. "Holding such a belief, and after graduating He Mingliang came to Xian to fight. In order to be able to survive in the city, he is on his own in the school learn professional techniques, opened the phone repair shop in the village.
Then seven years later, now He Mingliang was married and had children and settled down in XI ' an. To the outsider, He Mingliang and native of Xian has no difference, he would have been accustomed to the work and life of the city. "In the past do not want to return to, and now have children but do not want to go back, wanted to let the baby in the city school. "During the interview, admitted to reporters He Mingliang, wishes he was not only trying to turn themselves into the city, are more important to their children as children growing up in the city.
"Older family members used to work when I was a child we are talking about children, known only to the experience of childhood. When I tasted the bitter, don't want to let the children eat. Although children too young, life is not rich, but the couple has begun to give the child the future. ”
In the flower water in communities, with many young people like He Mingliang, also has many of the same stores, such as mobile phone sticker, appliance repair, wholesale supplies, and so on. These shop operators are generally similar to that of He Mingliang, the majority of them are fighting a group of displaced, uprooted in XI ' an, "after the" migrant workers.
Migrant workers are most concerned about compensation with the parents is different, can enjoy the same level of public service resources and the possibility of future development of the city, is "after the" migrant workers are most concerned about. Like He Mingliang said: "in the city is not difficult to find a job, is difficult to take root here. After he struggled out, worried about growing up and always look forward to them from an early age have a better living environment, a better future. ”
Luo Cheng, Shaanxi Provincial Academy of social sciences researcher believes that with China's household registration reform, urban and rural areas, education and fair development of propulsion, by the new generation of migrant workers that the problem has been getting better and gradually resolved. He said: "first of all, national household registration policy has been loose, and many of them can be turned into a ' city '. Rural policy is loose in some places, you can voluntarily give up farmers ' status, so it became more of a multiple choice question. To develop better in the new generation of migrant workers, he would choose to give up. Secondly, the education fair of this trend is good, education has improved in rural areas, can be expected in the future education of children is not a problem of the new generation of migrant workers. Furthermore, urban and rural development to encourage naturalization, then the city must provide the corresponding supporting resources for these people, otherwise it is difficult to attract people to settle in. ”
Families are no longer so heavy
The afternoon of March 11, Xian Jin ye road, gaoxin district, at a construction site, Xin Qu removing herself a car, this is the last single of the day. Due to recent good, Xin Qu intends to knock off about his drinking buddy to celebrate early. Qu Xin delivery van is his own, and his job is to travel to and from the work site every day, building material delivered to customers. "Now running three times a day on average, a trip starting at 100 Yuan, appliances plus 50 Yuan. "Qu Xin freight to customer delivery, told reporters his" business ".
Qu Xin is a true "after the" migrant workers, but also in the eyes of many people, "boss". While in the countryside, but his family's financial condition is not bad, and he came to Xian is out of their own will. "My parents want me to do the things they like, although my house is rural, farming is not familiar to me, now go back to the farmers, I can't do anything. I like to make friends, so come and run businesses in XI ' an, and several years later I feel also very good! ”
Qu Xin wearing a new jacket, holding a Briefcase, shape, completely different from our traditional impression images of migrant workers. There is no denying that, "after the" migrant workers, such as Xin Qu, in General, they are no longer as parents do need to take significant economic burden for the family, to work in cities is their free choice.
For such a "after the" migrant workers, they were clearly better than fathers more calm and calm, but also know how to enjoy the city life, more actively seek to integrate into the cities. A is because Shang a generation people of playing spell has has must accumulated, including home of land also in, also has since built housing, also has has playing spell not home of a article retreat; II is because they accept degrees is high, adapted capacity strong, they desire city youth of life, also like tourism, and see movie, and Internet shopping, and willing to will himself of income investment in social, and culture life field.
According to statistics, in 2016, the new generation of migrant workers already account for migrant 53.7%, Shaanxi Province, an increase of 1%, average age about 27.5 years. Shaanxi Province compared to migrant workers in General, the new generation of migrant workers showing a higher level of education, more people engaging in technical jobs and industry, and low rate of old-age insurance. In addition, "after the" migrant workers, taking into account their own material needs, while also increased the satisfaction of spiritual needs to the important position, both material and spiritual, as their distinguishing characteristics of migrant workers in other age.
The new generation of migrant workers generally have no farming experience, their recognition of the identity of the city than in the rural, many of them are actually unhappy with "migrant workers" the title. This concept to their generation of migrant workers, has been desalinated. In fact, they and the city has not much difference. With the process of China's industrialization, urban differences narrowed, household registration barrier broken and two-way population flows in the future, farmers will become a professional, "migrant workers", may end in "after the".
Source: Shaanxi daily
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>: Tang Wu Yan
Article keywords:Migrant workers after the left-behind children
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陕西农民工调查：50后告别打工 90后不远赴他乡|农民工|90后|留守儿童_新闻资讯
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“50后”：告别半生打工
“干不动啦，盖完这栋楼就再不接活了。”租住在西安市韦曲南街道西寨村一处不足10平方米的屋子里，今年59岁的瓦工张建柱说。
屋子里陈设简陋，只有一张单人床和一个表面斑驳、堆放着杂物的木桌，没有暖气。张建柱从角落搬出一把椅子，用抹布掸去上面的灰尘，示意记者坐下聊。这一天是3月12日，正值雨天，工地暂时停工，张建柱有了难得的休息时间。
从1977年至今，除了偶尔回家探亲或帮着妻子务农，张建柱一直在西安、渭南的各处工地上奔波。这一次，他准备回家了。
打工再也打不动了
张建柱的建筑工人生涯是从集体时代开始的。1975年，初中毕业的张建柱成为渭南何刘乡人民公社建筑队的一名小工，一天记10个工分，拿4毛钱补助。
建筑队的活不是每天都有，张建柱一边和妻子打理着包产到户的土地，一边做了些小买卖。上个世纪八十年代初，在一个跑到渭南城里做包工头的同乡的鼓动下，张建柱也脱离集体建筑队进城了。
这一步，让张建柱迈入了改革开放以来中国史无前例的人口大迁徙。从20世纪80年代中期开始，农村劳动力开始大规模地进城务工。在中国的城乡二元结构 下，“农民工”成为张建柱们的新身份。由于文化程度较低，踏实本分，男性进入建筑工地，女性进入家政行业，成为第一代农民工最多的职业选择。
从挖土方、搬砖、扛水泥等最基础的事做起，张建柱渐渐成为瓦工。他辗转于渭南和西安之间的多个建筑工地，一砖一瓦垒砌起一栋栋办公楼、学校教学楼、百货商场和民用住宅。
早晨7时上工，中午1个半小时吃饭休息，晚上6时半收工。只要有活干，又不是雨雪天，张建柱每日坚持着这样的生活作息，每过一两个月，将积蓄送回家。2016年全年，妻子拿到了张建柱挣得的4万块钱。
到了张建柱这样的年纪，很多农民工开始告别城市。
5年前，张建柱本已打算回家种田养老。“给儿子在农村盖了二层新房、娶了媳妇，心里的大石头落了地。”可回去待了两个星期就待不住了。“每天看不到收入，心里发慌。”
现在，张建柱觉得自己真的老了。
“前些年交通不便的时候，走路回家，一走就是四五个小时，也不觉得累。有时几天不干活还感觉浑身不舒服。现在不行啦，撑不到半天就腰酸背痛得厉害。”张建柱笑了笑，点了根烟。
老了的不是张建柱一人。改革开放近40年，第一代农民工很多已年过六旬。黑发变白发，身体渐佝偻，他们再也不是建筑工地上不畏寒暑的青壮年，或工厂流水线上手脚麻利的女工。
人力资源和社会保障部的统计数据显示，1980年之后出生的农民工已经占到农民工的70%以上，成为农民工的主体。这表明，以“50后”为主体的第一代农民工，正在逐渐退出历史舞台。
“回去要是光种地，一年也就几千块钱收入，和打工相比相差太大。”张建柱没缴社保，自然没有养老金。他寻思着回家做些养殖业生意，以维持后半生的生计。
张建柱也注意到，目前建筑工地上的农民工多集中在40岁以上。“年轻人不愿意干这个。我家儿子高中放暑假的时候，曾经跟着我做了几天活，说再不来这地方了，上工时间太长，太累。”
陕西省社会科学院农村发展研究所研究员罗丞表示，随着老一代农民工逐渐退出，年轻人不愿问津，建筑行业劳动力逐渐短缺。而行业本身也在技术升级，或面临劳动力日益老化、新技术乏人驾驭的两难困境。
打工打出了一身病
相比张建柱，一些农民工告别打工的原因更为无奈——疾病，特别是职业病。“中国职业病的核心是尘肺病，而尘肺病的核心是农民工尘肺病。”在《2016中 国尘肺病农民工生存状况调查报告》中，中华社会救助基金会大爱清尘基金发起人王克勤写道。据了解，农民工在尘肺病患者中的比例高达90%。
年近50岁的李彦江，4年前被诊断为尘肺一期。自此，打工27年的他离开矿山，接受肺灌洗治疗后，回到商洛市镇安县米粮镇界河村的家中休养。中途他也曾 尝试到建筑工地做小工，但由于身体不适无法坚持。如今，他已经承受不了任何重活，家庭主要经济来源靠妻子在外打工以及家里小麦和土豆的收成，已经负债近3 万元。
李彦江只是界河村980户家庭中130余名尘肺病患者中的一个。据大爱清尘基金陕西工作区提供的资料显示，在1986年至 1990年外出务工高峰期间，界河村外出务工的人首选河南省三门峡市的金矿，此后部分人转往山西省晋城市、大同市、临汾市等地的煤矿，以及河北、内蒙古两 省区的铁矿、煤矿。村民们踩着村南、村北仅有的两条水泥路，走出秦岭，谋求生计。
“去的都是小规模矿山，没和矿上签订劳动合同。也没有接受过培训，不懂得什么劳动防护。”李彦江说。
大爱清尘基金发布的《2016中国尘肺病农民工生存状况调查报告》中提到，起初，无论是矿主还是农民工，都缺少职业卫生防护意识。伴随着时代的发 展，2001年《职业病防治法》对生产作业提出了明确、严格的规范要求，一些工厂改进了技术，也会定期体检。遗憾的是，很多农民工早已深受粉尘之害。
为此，罗丞形容第一代农民工为“失落的一代”，他们的打工之路被打上诸多制度不完善的时代烙印。
2013年11月，中国国务院发布文件明确提出“要加大对尘肺病的预防与救治力度”，改变了尘肺病问题长期被忽视的被动局面。
2016年1月，国家中国卫生计划生育委员会、中国国家发展改革委员会、科技部等十部委联合发布了《关于加强农民工尘肺病防治工作的意见》，提出了将尘肺病农民工纳入大病保险病享受低保救助等一系列的具体工作要求。王克勤认为：“这为从根本上解决中国尘肺病农民工问题奠定了基础”。
打工一生也有自豪
“你看，这是渭南的邮电大楼家属院，这是临潼兵马俑附近的商店……”在城里做建筑工人35年、去年被儿子接到城里家中安享晚年的刘天仁翻出照片给记者介 绍。回家之前，他跑了几个城市，给自己参与修建的工程拍了20多张照片。“可惜有些当年在郊区建的，已经在城市扩建过程中被拆掉了。”
和其他数以百万计的农民工一样，因为亲手搭起一根根钢筋铁骨，亲眼见证一座座高楼拔地而起，刘天仁对打工时待过的城市有着特殊的感情。
相比在老家种田，刘天仁觉得这些年在城里“真正是长见识了”，特别是从沉默寡言渐渐注意和人交往，精心维系和包工头以及工友们的社会关系。“有时候，在一个城中村待得久了，和当地村民也混熟了，经常会有人喊我去家里吃饭，有时候甚至感觉在城里比在家乡还吃得开！”
刘天仁并不介意被称呼为“农民工”，他把打工看作自己的立身之本。“我觉得打工是最稳当的，打一天工就有一天的钱。不像做生意，起起伏伏，红火的时候挣钱，亏损倒闭的风险也很大。”
让刘天仁最欣慰的是，打工的收入帮助他撑起了家里的大半个天。他有个巴掌大小的黑色软皮记账本，几乎一天不落地记着自己的收入和开销。这些年，靠着刘天 仁节余下来的钱，远在老家的妻子和三个儿女不必为衣食和读书发愁，尽管也曾经历过工资被拖欠的苦恼——“最不安的一次是1996年过年，直到腊月二十九才 从包工头手中领到工钱，赶在除夕之前回到了家中。”
“那么长时间一个人在外，确实可怜。还记得那年么，他得了病没跟我说，还带我去西安逛了一圈。”坐在一旁的妻子眼眶有点发红，抹了抹眼睛，提醒刘天仁。
由于常年饮食不规律，刘天仁42岁时患上了胃病，一发作起来就疼痛难忍，便怀疑自己得了不治之症。想起妻子从未去过县城以外的地方，也从未坐过火车，他带着妻子到西安玩了四五天，逛了近10个景点，把妻子送回家后的第二天才住院检查，所幸身体并无大碍。
“在外打工的人，酸甜苦辣都尝尽了。”刘天仁继续翻着那20多张照片，忍不住感叹。双手因为长年累月接触砖块、水泥，很是干燥粗糙，且留下多处裂痕。然而，刘天仁的眉宇间却始终带着笑意。（记者康传义 见习记者 孟珂）
“90后”：不再远赴他乡
“农民工”这个称谓对于这群“90后”来说是既熟悉又陌生。一方面，他们户籍仍在农村，背井离乡，“农民工”这个身份无法抹去；另一方面，他们早早在城 市落脚，工作安家，有着和“城里人”一样的生活方式，农村之于他们已然陌生。伴随着工业化的进程，城镇差异缩小，户籍壁垒打破，人口双向流动。未来，农民 将会成为一个职业，而“农民工”，或许止于“90后”。
“90后”农民工，渐渐成了外出务工人员的主力军。与他们的父辈相比，新生代农 民工对于城市生活有着不同的期待，他们变身成送餐员、快递派送员等新兴职业群体；他们藏身于城中村的角落，让不起眼的小店变成附近居民的最爱；他们紧紧跟 随着城市发展的脚步，打拼出不同于父辈的新的农民工生活。
尴尬、执着、纠结、努力、失落、快乐……对于“90后”农民工来说，城市给了他们实现梦想的广阔舞台，而他们的梦想与追求，也不会再受到一纸户籍的限制。
在省城里找份体面工作
3月10日一早，记者在丈八六路闸口社区的群租房里见到了高乐。见面时，高乐正在换上美团外卖的送餐制服。高乐是1993年出生的，年纪不大的他已经来西安打拼3年多了。
高乐一边整理自己送餐需要的东西一边说：“我家是户县农村的，最早来西安也是在工地干活儿，后来有了智能手机和团购，我就干这个了。”说话间，随着“嘀 嘀嘀”一阵手机铃声响起，高乐立马拿出口袋里的手机开始“抢单”。“你看，这就要进入‘战斗状态’了！”高乐笑嘻嘻地说。
高乐一天的工作基本是从早上10时左右开始的，一到点儿，他的手机平台上各种外卖单便会“扑面而来”。而他要做的首先是去抢接外卖单，接到单之后，他就赶紧骑着电动车到指定的地方去取外卖，然后尽快把它们送到顾客手里。
“底薪3800元左右，一个月的基本任务要求是600单左右，完成任务后，多余接的单的收入就可以按每送一单6元钱算。”高乐告诉记者，“和南方工资比 起来，咱这边是低一些，但现在挣钱的渠道也多，工资的差异已经没有多大的吸引力了，我身边的人都不愿意出去。同时，西安毕竟离家近，我还要考虑将来照顾父 母以及结婚安家的问题。”
送餐员的要求并不高，一家外卖公司配送站的招聘要求非常简单：工作时要穿工作服，会骑电动车，会用智能手机。但这份工作依然有压力，高乐说，我生怕堵车或者雨雪天气，送晚了、饭洒了都会被顾客投诉。
不过，即便如此，高乐仍然认为这份工作比在农村种地带给他更多的体面。作为一名“90后”，高乐的成长中伴随着信息技术飞速发展，“在城市里面还是不一样，享受的公共资源比乡下好，知道的多，在同乡面前就很有面子。”
国家统计局陕西调查总队发布的数据显示，2016年，陕西农民工总量为710.7万人，首次突破700万。其中，省内农民工占比78.8%，较上年增加 1.9个百分点。另外，一个值得关注的现象就是，高学历农民工比例明显提高，新生代农民工已经成为主力军。而所谓的“新生代农民工”，主要指的是1980 年之后出生的进城务工的农村劳动力。“90后”：不再远赴他乡
“农民工”这个称谓对于这群“90后”来说是既熟悉又陌生。一方面，他们 户籍仍在农村，背井离乡，“农民工”这个身份无法抹去；另一方面，他们早早在城市落脚，工作安家，有着和“城里人”一样的生活方式，农村之于他们已然陌 生。伴随着工业化的进程，城镇差异缩小，户籍壁垒打破，人口双向流动。未来，农民将会成为一个职业，而“农民工”，或许止于“90后”。
“90后”农民工，渐渐成了外出务工人员的主力军。与他们的父辈相比，新生代农民工对于城市生活有着不同的期待，他们变身成送餐员、快递派送员等新兴职 业群体；他们藏身于城中村的角落，让不起眼的小店变成附近居民的最爱；他们紧紧跟随着城市发展的脚步，打拼出不同于父辈的新的农民工生活。
尴尬、执着、纠结、努力、失落、快乐……对于“90后”农民工来说，城市给了他们实现梦想的广阔舞台，而他们的梦想与追求，也不会再受到一纸户籍的限制。
在省城里找份体面工作
3月10日一早，记者在丈八六路闸口社区的群租房里见到了高乐。见面时，高乐正在换上美团外卖的送餐制服。高乐是1993年出生的，年纪不大的他已经来西安打拼3年多了。
高乐一边整理自己送餐需要的东西一边说：“我家是户县农村的，最早来西安也是在工地干活儿，后来有了智能手机和团购，我就干这个了。”说话间，随着“嘀 嘀嘀”一阵手机铃声响起，高乐立马拿出口袋里的手机开始“抢单”。“你看，这就要进入‘战斗状态’了！”高乐笑嘻嘻地说。
高乐一天的工作基本是从早上10时左右开始的，一到点儿，他的手机平台上各种外卖单便会“扑面而来”。而他要做的首先是去抢接外卖单，接到单之后，他就赶紧骑着电动车到指定的地方去取外卖，然后尽快把它们送到顾客手里。
“底薪3800元左右，一个月的基本任务要求是600单左右，完成任务后，多余接的单的收入就可以按每送一单6元钱算。”高乐告诉记者，“和南方工资比 起来，咱这边是低一些，但现在挣钱的渠道也多，工资的差异已经没有多大的吸引力了，我身边的人都不愿意出去。同时，西安毕竟离家近，我还要考虑将来照顾父 母以及结婚安家的问题。”
送餐员的要求并不高，一家外卖公司配送站的招聘要求非常简单：工作时要穿工作服，会骑电动车，会用智能手机。但这份工作依然有压力，高乐说，我生怕堵车或者雨雪天气，送晚了、饭洒了都会被顾客投诉。
不过，即便如此，高乐仍然认为这份工作比在农村种地带给他更多的体面。作为一名“90后”，高乐的成长中伴随着信息技术飞速发展，“在城市里面还是不一样，享受的公共资源比乡下好，知道的多，在同乡面前就很有面子。”
国家统计局陕西调查总队发布的数据显示，2016年，陕西农民工总量为710.7万人，首次突破700万。其中，省内农民工占比78.8%，较上年增加 1.9个百分点。另外，一个值得关注的现象就是，高学历农民工比例明显提高，新生代农民工已经成为主力军。而所谓的“新生代农民工”，主要指的是1980 年之后出生的进城务工的农村劳动力。
有主见、有知识、年轻敢拼、乐于接受新兴事物，这些“90后”农民工的特质鲜明地体现在高乐身上。尽管他们知道选择留在城市必定充满挑战与艰辛，但他们“城市梦”的初心始终不减。
不想孩子也当留守儿童
位于西安市西三环里花水社区的小何手机修理店，是一家颇有名气的修理小店。技术好、服务好、价格便宜，这是周围居民对这家店的普遍评价。小店的经营者叫何明亮，是一位来自安康农村的26岁小伙子。
“我是在安康上的专科，从学校毕业之后就想着一定要来西安找份工作。”抱着这样的信念，何明亮毕业后只身来到西安打拼。为了能够在城市生存下来，他靠自己在学校学习掌握的专业技术，在城中村开了这家手机修理店。
转眼七年时间过去了，如今，何明亮已结婚生子，安家西安。于外人看来，何明亮与土生土长的西安人已没有差别，他早就习惯了城市的工作与生活。“以前就不 想回乡下，现在有了孩子更不想回去，更想让娃在城里上学。”采访中，何明亮向记者坦言，他现在的心愿不仅是努力把自己变成城里人，更重要的是要让自己的孩 子能像城里孩子一样成长。
“家里的老人以前也出来做工，我小时候就是咱们现在说的留守儿童，只有亲身经历过才知道那样的童年滋味。我小时候吃过的苦，不想再让孩子也吃。别看孩子年龄还小，日子过的也不算富裕，但我们两口子已经开始给孩子谋划未来了。”
在里花水社区，有着不少像何明亮一样的年轻人，也有着不少这样的小店，比如手机贴膜、家电维修、耗材批发等等。这些小店的经营者普遍与何明亮的情况相似，他们中的多数人都是一群背井离乡、在西安打拼的“90后”农民工。
与父辈们进城打工最关心薪酬问题不同，能否享有同等的城市公共服务资源和个人未来发展的可能性，则是“90后”农民工最为关心的。就像何明亮所说：“在 城市找个活干并不难，难的是要在这里扎根。自己挣扎着出来后，又担心孩子的成长了，总是盼着他们从小有个好的生活环境，有个比自己强的未来。”
陕西省社会科学研究院研究员罗丞认为，随着中国户籍改革、城乡统筹、教育公平等事业的发展推进，新生代农民工所担心的问题已经在好转并逐步得到解决。他 说：“首先，国家户籍的相关政策已经比较松动了，他们中的很多人是可以变为‘城里人’的。比如有些地方农村的政策也松动了，可以自愿主动放弃农民身份，所 以这更多成了一个选择题。对于新生代农民工里发展比较好的，他真的会选择放弃。其次，教育公平这块的趋势是向好的，农村的教育也在改观，可以预期未来新生 代农民工的子女受教育不是问题。再者，城乡统筹的发展要鼓励入籍，那么城市必然要为这些人提供相应的配套资源，否则也很难吸引人来落户。”
家庭负担不再那么沉重
3月11日下午，在西安市高新区锦业路的一个建筑工地上，曲鑫卸下了自己拉的一车货，这是当天的最后一单。由于最近行情好，曲鑫打算早早收工约自己的伙 计去喝酒庆祝。曲鑫送货的面包车是他个人的，而他的工作就是每天往返于各个工地之间，把客户要的建材准时送达。“现在平均一天跑个三趟，一趟起价100 元，有电器另加50元。”曲鑫一边数着客户刚交付的运费，一边向记者介绍他的“生意”。
曲鑫是一位不折不扣的“90后”农民工，但也是 不少人眼中的“小老板”。虽然家在农村，但他家的经济状况并不差，而他来西安也是出于自己的意愿。“我爸妈是想让我做自己喜欢的事，尽管我家是农村的，可 我对农活也不熟悉，现在回去做农民，我也干不了。我喜欢交朋友，所以来西安自己跑生意，几年下来我感觉也挺不错的！”
曲鑫穿着时新的夹克外套，拿着公文包，从外形上看全然不同于我们传统印象中农民工的形象。不可否认，在“90后”农民工群体中，不少都像曲鑫这样，他们普遍不再像父辈们那样需要承担重大的家庭经济压力，来城市工作是他们的一种自由选择。
对于这样一个“90后”农民工群体而言，他们显然要比父辈们更从容淡定，更懂得享受城市生活，更加积极争取融入城市。一是因为上一辈人的打拼有了一定积 累，包括老家的土地还在，还有自建住房，也有了打拼不成回乡的一条退路；二是因为他们接受度很高，适应能力强，他们渴望城市青年的生活，也喜欢旅游、看电 影、上网购物，并乐于将自己的收入投资在社交、文化生活领域。
据统计，2016年，新生代农民工已经占陕西省农民工的53.7%，同比 增加1个百分点，平均年龄约27.5岁。相比较陕西全省农民工总体，新生代农民工呈现出受教育程度较高，从事技术型岗位和行业的人更多，养老保险参保率偏 低等特点。另外，“90后”农民工在考虑满足自己物质需求的同时，也将精神需求的满足提高到了重要位置，物质和精神并重，成为他们区别于其他年龄段农民工 的显著特点。
新生代农民工普遍没有务农经历，他们对城市的认同超过了对农村的认同，他们中的很多人实际上是很抵触“农民工”这个称谓 的。农民工这个概念到他们这一代，已经比较淡漠了。其实，他们和城里人已经没有多大区别了。伴随着中国工业化的进程，城镇差异缩小，户籍壁垒打破，人口双 向流动，未来，农民将会成为一个职业，而“农民工”，或许止于“90后”。
来源：陕西日报
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>责任编辑：吴颜
文章关键词： 农民工 90后 留守儿童
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