"Day boat first," there are five highlights to create a number of China's first spacecraft _ | | | station astronauts, day boat first news
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[Global Times reporter Liu Yang Wenchang mission] boat first, China's first cargo spacecraft days in Wenchang, Hainan spaceport on 20th 19:41, was launched by a new type carrier rocket long March seventh. Because this task is the boat first cargo spacecraft and the long seventh station consisting of the first practical appearance of the freight transport system, pay great attention to about the launch. This "cargo, without giving people" ship Hercules what wonderful skill? The task and what were the highlights of it?
A, day boat "big load"
Day boat, first Deputy Chief Designer introduced Xu Xiaoping, day boat series cargo ships of China's manned space project, "three-step" strategy, important part of manned space station project. According to him, day boat, first standing 10.6 meters, 3.35 meters wide, can carry 6 tons of goods, the maximum loaded weight of 13.5 tons.
Day boat, first "bump" containing what goods? Deputy Chief Designer of the astronaut system of manned space engineering revealed Huang Weifen, day boat first, this task will verify the goods in packaging, transport, information management, delivery, mounting and microbiological control the effectiveness of the whole process. Cargo focus 3 30-day life and health protection, such as space food, water, personal hygiene products, waste disposal, medical monitoring and care-use goods, which according to size, category, select the number of different packages and fixed on the cargo support. According to her, this mission will also carry extravehicular spacesuit structured clothing. We conducted an extravehicular, so I hope that through this mission to obtain more data, design to provide a basis for future extravehicular suits.
Full day boat first launch capability, along with the ship also carrying dozens of loading equipment, undertakes a number of on-orbit testing. According to the global Times newspaper reporter, this big guy has 4 total 70 kg package, including a 27 kg of fresh vegetables in the package, to allow astronauts in space can also be early adopters.
Second, the challenge for the first time, "zero-window" launch
Launch window is a rocket carrying the spacecraft blasted off more appropriate time frame, some take hours, some days, during which rocket can be launched. Since the days the boat is first to rendezvous and docking and temple on the second space laboratory, on the accuracy of emission is very high, so the launch window is a determined point in time, one second is not bad, this is the space people had said "zero-window" on the reliability of the rocket and launch pad systems make high demands.
According to reports, because of the long seventh rockets using cryogenic liquid oxygen and kerosene powered system, before the launch process is complicated, as long as a link problems will miss the launch window. Long seventh Assistant Hu Xiaojun, Deputy Chief Designer of the rocket Express, first flew in June last year long seventh scheduled launch time when split-second launch, verify the zero-window for the launch, coupled with a series of improvements to the us for the launch of the rocket, so zero launch window was confident.
Third, the first time the "space filling"
China's future space station after it was built, the astronauts in orbit to estimate the time in 30 days is not, and may be hundreds of days, added fuel to the running of the space station? The answer is that this task is completed by the day boat series cargo ships. It is understood that the boat on the day before the first, master the technology of countries only Russia and the United States, achieving on-orbit raising only Russia.
In this mission, day boat, first temple second propellants in orbit for the first time, China will implement additional, breakthroughs and mastered the propellant feeding technology for China's space station Assembly construction and long-term operations clearing the final obstacles in the energy supply problems.
"Space filling" what is the difference and we usually cheer on land? According to the global Times newspaper reporter, days after the ship first docked with the temple on the second, through the gas pressure between the two spacecraft, aboard the boat a propellant from the day a steady stream into the temple on the second. Although it looks and almost on the ground, but really is not easy to achieve, we must ensure that its rendezvous and docking accuracy 1 time, and can meet the requirements of sealing, the propellant is never allowed to leak.
Four, fast spacecraft autonomous docking
China manned space mission a number of successful implementation of manual and automated rendezvous and docking the boat first and temple on the second to achieve 3-rendezvous and docking, and this is the first time in China's manned aerospace history. Day boat first, after docking with the temple on the second combination of hold time will far exceed earlier.
According to reports, when the current international space station astronaut, rendezvous and docking normally spends 2-3 days. But starting in 2012, Russia using progress cargo ships and Soyuz manned spacecraft successfully implemented 7 quick rendezvous with the international space station docking. This task also verifies that the fast boat first rendezvous and docking, from orbit to dock successfully in just a few hours. In other words, if and astronaut while leaving, we take a high-speed train from Beijing to Shanghai, while we were getting off the train in Shanghai, the astronauts had been greeted us in the distant space station.
This "fast track" what's the point? From what people say, you can shorten the time of astronaut in spacecraft stranded in a small space, reduce astronauts unnecessary physical effort. From a task perspective, fast docking can also be guaranteed research products, especially the biological agents cannot be served as soon as long transport of goods such as the space station, which is essential for some tests, even decisive. From a security point of view, if the space station and other spacecraft encountered some emergency, quick rendezvous and docking can be implemented fast fault repair and emergency rescue work.
Five, first active de-orbiting controlled falling
General satellite after the mission is completed, with the depletion of propellant, will slowly reduce the orbital altitude, and ultimately to the atmosphere and burned end of service. According to the experts, day boat first will be the first active de-orbiting and controlled down to the intended area, in the process avoiding become space junk, avoid the de-orbiting of uncontrollable factors, but also to create clean, safe space to make its own contribution to the environment.
Does this mean China in areas related to international advanced level? Xu Xiaoping believes that this does not represent a technical advance, which represents China in the fields of aerospace and environmental protection awareness, is very useful to reduce space junk to make attempts. According to him, day boat, first after the end of mission, through flight control personnel decisions, the implementation of active de-orbiting through two drop control, controlled down to the South Pacific region.
>: Tang Liu Longlong
Article keywords:Day boat first astronaut space station
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“天舟一号”飞船有五大亮点 创造数个中国第一|天舟一号|航天员|空间站_新闻资讯
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[环球时报赴文昌特派记者 刘 扬]中国首个货运飞船天舟一号于20日19时41分准时在海南文昌航天发射场，由新型运载火箭长征七号发射升空。由于此次任务是天舟一号货运飞船和长征七号组成的空间站货物运输系统的首次实用性亮相，外界对于这次发射给予极大关注。到底这个“只运货、不送人”的飞船大力士有哪些神奇的本领？这次任务又有哪些亮点呢？
一、天舟“肚大能装货”
据天舟一号副总设计师徐小平介绍，天舟系列货运飞船是中国载人航天工程“三步走”战略中，载人空间站工程的重要组成部分。据他介绍，天舟一号身高10.6米，体宽3.35米，可以运送6吨多的货物，整船最大装载状态下重量达13.5吨。
天舟一号的“大肚子”里装着哪些货物呢？载人航天工程航天员系统副总设计师黄伟芬透露，天舟一号这次任务将验证货物在打包、运输、信息管理、交付、装载及微生物控制全过程方案的有效性。货物主要侧重3人30天的生活和健康的保障，比如航天食品、饮用水、个人卫生清洁用品、废物处理物品、医监医保物品等，它们要按照尺寸、类别、数量来选择不同货包并固定在货舱支架上。据她介绍，此次任务中还将要搭载舱外航天服结构服。我们此前只进行过一次航天员出舱，所以希望通过这次飞行任务获得更多的数据，为未来舱外服的设计工作提供依据。
为充分发挥天舟一号的运载能力，随船还搭载几十台载荷设备，将在轨开展多项试验。据《环球时报》记者了解，这个大家伙装有4个合计70公斤的货包，包括一个27公斤的新鲜蔬货包，目的是让航天员在太空中也能尝鲜。
二、首次挑战“零窗口”发射
发射窗口是指运载火箭携带着航天器发射升空比较合适的时间范围，有的以小时计算，有的以天计算，在此期间火箭都可以发射。由于这次天舟一号要和天宫二号空间实验室交会对接，对发射精度的要求很高，因此发射窗口是一个确定的时间点，一秒都不能差，这就是航天人所说的“零窗口”，对火箭和发射场系统的可靠性提出很高的要求。
据介绍，由于长征七号火箭采用全低温液氧煤油动力系统，发射前流程复杂，只要一个环节出问题就将错过发射窗口。长征七号火箭副总设计师助理胡晓军表示，去年6月长征七号首飞时就按预定发射时间分秒不差地升空，为这次的零窗口发射进行了验证，再加上我们对于这次发射的火箭进行了一系列改进，所以对零窗口发射是有信心的。
三、首次实施“太空加油”
未来中国建成空间站后，航天员在轨的时间就不是以30天来估算，而可能是上百天，空间站运行的燃料该如何补加呢？答案是，这项任务也由天舟系列货运飞船来完成。据了解，在天舟一号之前，掌握这项技术的国家只有俄美，实现在轨加注应用的只有俄罗斯。
在本次飞行任务中，天舟一号与天宫二号将实施中国首次推进剂在轨补加，突破和掌握推进剂补加技术，为中国空间站组装建造和长期运营扫清在能源供给问题上的最后障碍。
“太空加油”和我们平时在陆地上加油有什么不同？据《环球时报》记者了解，天舟一号与天宫二号对接之后，通过两个航天器之间的气体压力，把推进剂从天舟一号上源源不断输送到天宫二号。虽然看起来和地面加油差不多，但是要真正实现起来却并不容易，既要保证它的交会对接精度提高一倍，又能满足密封的要求，推进剂是绝对不能泄漏的。
四、航天器全自主快速对接
中国之前的载人航天任务多次成功实现手动和自动交会对接，此次天舟一号与天宫二号将实现3次交会对接，这在中国载人航天史上还是首次。天舟一号与天宫二号对接之后组合体的保持时间也将远超此前。
据介绍，目前地面向国际空间站运送航天员时，交会对接通常会花费2-3天时间。但从2012年起，俄罗斯分别采用进步号货运飞船和联盟号载人飞船与国际空间站成功实施了7次快速交会对接试验。天舟一号的这次任务也将验证快速交会对接，从入轨到对接成功仅需几小时。也就是说，如果和航天员同时出发，我们坐高铁从北京到上海，当我们还在上海站下火车时，航天员就已经在遥远的空间站里跟我们打招呼了。
这种“快速”有什么意义呢？从人的方面说，可以缩短航天员在飞船狭小空间中滞留的时间，减少航天员不必要的体力与精力付出。从任务角度来说，快速交会对接还可保障科研用品，特别是生物制剂等无法经历长期运输的货品尽快送达空间站，这对某些试验至关重要，甚至是决定性的。从安全的角度来说，如果空间站等航天器突遇紧急情况，快速交会对接可以快速地对故障实施抢修与紧急救援等工作。
五、首次主动离轨受控陨落
一般卫星在使命完成后，随着推进剂的消耗殆尽，会缓慢降低轨道高度，最终以大气层烧毁的方式结束服役生涯。据专家介绍，天舟一号将首次采用主动离轨方式，并能受控地落到预定区域，既避免自身成为太空垃圾、避开离轨过程中的不可控因素，又能为打造洁净、安全的太空环境作出自己的贡献。
这种技术是否意味着中国在国际相关领域具备了先进水平？徐小平认为，这不代表技术的先进性，而代表中国在航天领域的环保意识提升，是为减少太空垃圾做出非常有益的尝试。据他介绍，天舟一号将在飞行任务结束后，经由地面飞控工作人员决策，实施主动离轨，通过两次降轨控制，将受控地坠落于南太平洋指定区域。
>责任编辑：柳龙龙
文章关键词： 天舟一号 航天员 空间站
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