China's first domestic carrier to the end where is bad? An article telling you _ | | Chinese-made the aircraft carrier aircraft carrier deck | news
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[Gt-World Wide Web Reporter Ma] ceremony, filled with the red flag of China's first domestic carrier 26th out of the dock, safely docked at the pier. The 50,000-ton ship was mastered by China to build large aircraft carrier experience and technology, China's Li Jie, a military expert said, even though it looks and Liaoning, China's first aircraft carrier ship is quite similar, but it's not the West said the "parody of the Russian-made aircraft carrier."
Dock floats into the water, the surest way of launching
According to reports, the launching ceremony is an important part of the naval construction process, according to the ship and shipyard facilities, usually divided into multiple modes. For example, the most common being vertically along rails on the platform from the ship into the water, major warships, including destroyers, frigates are used this way. Although thousands of tens of thousands of tons of steel hull into the water scene is quite spectacular, but this method of launching drastic impact on the hull and may produce damage to ship equipment. Be part of the conditions of the shipyards, some medium and small vessels using more special ways to slip into the water, such as the United States of the marinette shipyard "free" class littoral combat ship uses this aggressive mode of water, splashing, very spectacular.
For the carriers with tens of thousands of tons of Leviathan, however, generally used in more secure dock floating launching, that is, prior to closure of the docks in the water until the carrier stability after floating in the water, and then open the caisson, dragged from the dock to the carrier specified location. A new generation of nuclear-powered aircraft carrier of the United States the first "Ford" is also used, this method of launching, while preparing for a long time, will take up valuable additional docks, but for carriers of these countries, the "never mind".
Allegedly, Liaoning had parked in the same position for final outfitting. According to the Liaoning experience, the ship of the future will also be stopped here a couple of years, complete subsystems such as shipboard weapons and electronic equipment installation and debugging. Also been described, aircraft carriers launching just built a "rough House", and outfitting is "decoration".
Profile: ship island has changed, ski-jump point increase
Chinese-made aircraft carrier shape similar to the Liaoning, also with ski-jump takeoff and a tall ship Island, but if carefully considering, can still see new aircraft carrier ship island has changed. The most obvious sign of phased array radar is that it uses a different cover, radar antenna installation location similar to the aegis ships, better 360-degree monitor the surrounding air with no dead ends. Previous guesses of the Han and defense review in Canada, new aircraft carriers may be used with same type 052D China aegis destroyer phased array radar, which the detection distance of up to 400 km, compared to the Liaoning has improved significantly. In addition to the new simplicity to the overall layout of many airlines mother ship Island, no longer like the Russian ships in the upper deck crowded with all kinds of radar antenna, showing the Chinese Navy leap in the ability to integrate electronic equipment.
Media said the new ski-jump on the deck of the carrier tilt angle from the Liaoning 14 degrees to 12 degrees. Such changes even though it's hard to tell with the naked eye, but it is not without reason. According to reports, the aircraft carrier with ski-jump takeoff mode, how much tilt angle is set to on the flight deck, often need according to main carrier of property and using experience to adjust. For example, the earliest use of ski-jump takeoff of British invincible-class aircraft carrier of the former two, first flight deck upward angle is 7 degrees, until the third ship Ark Royal to learn from experience, changed to 12 degrees. F-35B vertical take off and landing fighter in Britain now point upwards to the new Queen Elizabeth-class aircraft carriers is 13 degrees. Indian Super King aircraft carrier using a MIG -29K fighters, flight deck upward angle of 14 degrees. According to the Liaoning's actual experience of the Chinese Navy, fine-tune flight deck upward angle is not surprising.
Above: the flight deck area
British Jane's defence weekly site on several occasions via satellite to carefully observe the progress of China's domestic carrier. By comparing satellite images filmed from above, Chinese-made aircraft carrier can be found than the Liaoning, also there are subtle changes in the flight deck. China expert Li Jie said, do not underestimate these "small" changes, they can significantly improve the operational efficiency of aircraft carrier aircraft carrier.
Can be seen from satellite photographs, Chinese-made aircraft carrier ship significantly reduced the length of the island in order to ship more room front parking area. For this type of aircraft carrier with ski-jump takeoff mode, due to the raised deck cannot be parked on the front of the aircraft, limiting the carrier's Bay area, have not only resulted in small number of planes can be parked on the flight deck, and ship island was too narrow in the front of deck space is also easy to cause scheduling inconvenience, directly affect the efficiency of carrier aircraft out.
Russian experts also acknowledged that the Soviet construction of Liaoning, formerly known as "varyag" numbers, carrier transport mechanism lacks experience, so the flight deck design is not perfect. Its sister ship "Admiral Kuznetsov", because of the long-term shortage of carrier aircraft, this exposure was not evident in the Russian Navy, but in the training of Chinese naval strength in recent years, the use of the flight deck has become even more prominent.
Li believes that by increasing the parking area as well as optimize the flight deck function area dividing, can significantly improve the efficiency of carrier aircraft deployed, so as to enhance the combat capability of Chinese domestic carriers in disguise. In this regard, the United States "Ford" carriers have experienced. Practical experience has shown that limiting warplanes attack efficiency is one of the key ammunition lifts and ordnance mounted link. Estimates of the US Navy, Ford-class carrier by increasing the down area, planning and concentrated operating areas such as lifts, gas bomb, in almost the same area of the flight deck, carrier aircraft efficiency from Nimitz out of 140 to 160 vehicles per day surged to 180 to 220 sorties, would add a 1/3 carrier. Li said, in particular by optimizing the function zoning of the flight deck in order to improve the efficiency of carrier aircraft is that countries have shown, very effective practices, such improvements will not only help China's domestic carrier force to enhance, at the same time benefit to further tap the potential of the Liaoning.
Inside look: more internal structure adjustment
In addition to these places can see, China made more improvements are in sight of the new carrier. Li Jie said that according to the experience of the past few years the use of the Liaoning, China Navy carrier interior cabin layout has a better understanding of, and to reform domestic carrier in China. For example, Soviet-built "varyag" numbers, was placed at the bottom of the ship's flight deck 12 large SS-N-19 heavy anti-ship missile, occupy a lot of space. And according to the demand of the Chinese Navy built indigenously in China need not be equipped with these weapons, these spaces can accommodate more equipment or improve the crew's living environment. Western media have speculated that similar design in the context of displacement is essentially the same, Chinese carriers can carry 36 fighter -15 fighter jets, more than half of the Liaoning. In addition, parts of the Chinese-made aircraft carrier compartment and ammunition ship channel, has also been redesigned and increased the reserves of aviation fuel and other war-making materials to enhance carrier continued combat capability.
United States global security Web site were of the view that Chinese domestic carriers in information gathering, operations command and control system improvements in electronic systems, such as very large, after all, in recent years, China's defense industry in this rapid breakthroughs in the field of attention. Than reducing scale modifications such as ship Island, expanded library, electronic devices can use modular design and upgrades quickly and easily, which makes the aircraft carrier combat soft power can always stay ahead – advanced electronic equipment can also be used on the upgrading of the Liaoning. Li also said that Liaoning although in some not so good on the original design, but hull life younger, can be replicated in the next medium-term reconstruction of Chinese domestic carriers of these successful experiences, to make use of its fighting capacity.
China launched indigenously, and the meaning of service
Li said that Chinese-made aircraft carrier to China in large though, is to master the design and construction of large and medium aircraft carrier full of experience and technology. Ship's construction is a huge project, which just as Ukraine Black Sea shipyard Director Makarov finished describing how to make "varyag", said of that sentence: "we need the Soviet Union, the Party Central Committee and State Planning Commission, the military industrial Commission and nine Department of defense industry, only great country can do it. "Carrier construction difficult, from India, France, China-made aircraft carrier difficult construction process have confirmed. France to build the "Charles de Gaulle" aircraft carrier since 1989 laid the keel, was not officially formed until 1999, after serving for a long time remain failures continue. Indian domestic carrier "Viklandt" from 2009, when construction started on the slow, time is still a long way off.
If tests of the Chinese-made aircraft carrier and service goes, will lay the Foundation for China's future large aircraft carrier construction. Speculation that China is preparing to build the displacement, using the Catapult model new aircraft carriers. Hong Kong commercial daily said Chinese naval power and electrical engineering expert major General Walter Ma, after leaked information showed, China in ship-borne electromagnetic launch technology with United States or even superior. Experience of the United States Navy, this advanced launch technology, improve the efficiency of carrier aircraft deployed will be multiplied, thus greatly enhancing the actual combat effectiveness of carrier.
The other hand, the Chinese-made aircraft carrier after service in the future, China will surpass Ocean power such as Russia, France, with two aircraft carrier strike groups in the true sense. China not only out on the carrier used to make ends meet, but also to drill two aircraft carrier battle groups are covering, cooperation and cooperative engagement capability, China took a firm step in the direction of marine power.
> Editor: Zhang di
Article keywords:Carrier of Chinese-made aircraft carrier decks
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中国首艘中国国产航母到底厉害在哪儿？一篇文章告诉你|航母|中国国产航母|甲板_新闻资讯
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[环球时报-环球网报道 记者 马俊] 仪式完成，插满红旗的中国首艘中国国产航母26日被拖出船坞，稳稳地停靠在码头上。这艘5万吨级的巨舰让中国完整掌握了建造大中型航母的经验和技术，中国军事专家李杰强调说，尽管它外形看上去与中国首艘航母辽宁舰颇为相似，但它绝非西方所说的“俄制航母的山寨版”。
船坞漂浮式下水，最稳妥的下水方式
据介绍，下水仪式是舰艇建造过程中的重要环节，根据舰艇情况和船厂设施，通常分为多种模式。例如最常见的是从船台上纵向沿滑轨入水，驱逐舰、护卫舰等主要军舰都是采用这种方式。尽管数千上万吨的钢铁船体滑入水中时场面颇为壮观，但这种下水方式会对船体造成剧烈冲击，甚至可能对装舰设备构成损伤。而受部分船厂条件的限制，一些中小型舰艇还采用更特殊的侧滑下水方式，例如美国马里内特造船厂建造的“自由”级濒海战斗舰就采用这种激进的下水模式，水花四溅，极为壮观。
不过对于航母这样数万吨级的庞然大物来说，通常会采用更稳妥的船坞漂浮式下水，即先向封闭的船坞中注水，待航母稳定地浮在水面后，再打开船坞闸门，把航母从船坞拖到指定位置。美国新一代核动力航母首舰“福特”号同样是采用这种下水方式，虽然准备时间较长，会额外占用宝贵的船坞，不过对于航母此等国之重器来说，“这都不是事儿”。
据称，辽宁舰也曾停泊在同样的位置进行最后的舾装。根据辽宁舰的经验，未来这艘航母还将在这里停泊一两年，完成舰载武器、电子设备等子系统的安装调试。因此也有人形容说，航母下水只是建造好了“毛坯房”，而舾装才是“精装修”。
侧面看：舰岛有变化，滑跃角度有增加
中国国产航母的外形与辽宁舰相差不大，同样采用滑跃起飞方式和设有高大的舰岛，但若仔细分辨，仍能看出新航母的舰岛已有变化。最明显的标志是它采用了不同的相控阵雷达罩，雷达天线的安装位置与宙斯盾战舰类似，能更好的360度全方位无死角地监视周边空情。此前加拿大《汉和防务评论》猜测，新航母可能采用了与052D型中华神盾驱逐舰相同的相控阵雷达，后者的探测距离远达400公里，相比辽宁舰已有明显提升。此外新航母舰岛的整体布局也简洁了许多，不再像俄式舰艇那样在上层甲板拥挤着各式雷达天线，显示出中国海军在电子设备整合能力上的飞跃。
有媒体称，新航母的滑跃甲板上翘角度从辽宁舰的14度改为12度。尽管肉眼很难分辨这样的变化，但相关说法并非没有道理。据介绍，采用滑跃起飞模式的航母，飞行甲板的上翘角度到底设为多少，往往需要根据主力舰载机的性能以及使用经验进行调整。例如最早采用滑跃起飞方式的英国无敌级航母的前两艘，飞行甲板的上翘角度最早都是7度，直到三号舰皇家方舟号才吸取使用经验，改成12度。如今英国采用F-35B垂直起降战斗机的新一代伊丽莎白女王级航母的上翘角度为13度。而印度超日王号航母使用米格-29K战斗机，飞行甲板上翘角度为14度。因此中国海军根据辽宁舰的实际使用经验，微调飞行甲板的上翘角度并不为奇。
上面看：飞行甲板面积增大
英国《简氏防务周刊》网站曾多次通过卫星仔细观察中国国产航母的建造进展。通过对比这些从上方拍摄的卫星照片，可以发现中国国产航母相比辽宁舰，在飞行甲板上也有细微的变动。中国航母专家李杰介绍说，别小看这些“不起眼”的改动，它们可以极大提高航母舰载机的运作效率。
从卫星照片上可以看出，中国国产航母的舰岛长度明显缩小，从而为舰首前部停机区腾出更多空间。对于这类采用滑跃起飞模式的航母而言，由于前部的上翘甲板无法停放飞机，限制了航母的停机区面积，不但导致飞行甲板上能停放的战机数量偏少，同时舰岛前部过于狭窄的甲板空间还容易导致调度不便，直接影响舰载机出动效率。
俄罗斯专家也承认，当年苏联在建造辽宁舰的前身“瓦良格”号时，对于航母的运做机制缺乏经验，因此飞行甲板的设计不够完善。它的姐妹舰“库兹涅佐夫”号由于舰载机数量长期不足，这个问题在俄海军中暴露得尚不明显，但在中国海军近年来的高强度训练中，飞行甲板的利用问题就显得越发突出。
李杰认为，通过增加停机区以及优化飞行甲板功能区的划分，可以大幅提高舰载机的出动效率，从而变相增强中国国产航母的实战能力。在这方面，美国“福特”级航母已有丰富经验。实战经验显示，限制战机出击效率的关键之一是弹药升降机和弹药挂载环节。美国海军的评估显示，福特级航母通过增加停机区面积，并重新规划升降机、加油挂弹等集中作业保障区域，在飞行甲板面积相差无几的情况，将舰载机的出动效率从尼米兹级的每天140到160架次猛增到180到220架次，相当于增加了1/3的舰载机。李杰表示，尤其是通过优化飞行甲板的功能区划分，以提高舰载机效率是各国早已证明的、非常行之有效的做法，这样的改进不但有助中国国产航母的战力提升，同时对进一步挖掘辽宁舰的潜力也大有裨益。
里面看：内部结构更多调整
除了这些能直接看到的地方，中国国产新航母的更多改进是在看不见的内部。李杰介绍说，根据过去几年对辽宁舰的使用经验，中国海军对航母内部舱室的结构布局有了更深入的了解，并针对性地在中国国产航母上进行了改造。例如苏联建造“瓦良格”号时，在舰首飞行甲板的下方安置了12枚体积庞大的SS-N-19重型反舰导弹，挤占了大量内部空间。而根据中国海军需求建造的中国国产航母无须配备此类武器，这些空间可以容纳更多其他装备或改善舰员的生活环境。西方媒体猜测，通过类似的优化设计，在排水量基本不变的情况下，中国国产航母可以搭载36架歼-15战斗机，比辽宁舰多出一半。此外，中国国产新航母的部分内部舱室和弹药运送通道等可能也经过了重新设计，并增加了航空燃油等作战物资的储备，以提升航母的持续作战能力。
美国全球安全网站则认为，中国国产航母在信息收集、作战指挥和控制系统等电子系统上的改进可能性也很大，毕竟近年来中国国防工业在此领域的快速突破引人注目。而且相比缩小舰岛、扩充机库等大动干戈的改装，电子设备可以利用模块化设计，方便快捷地更新换代，从而让中国航母的作战软实力方面能始终保持领先——这些先进电子装备同样可以用于辽宁舰的升级上。李杰也表示，辽宁舰虽然在原始设计上有些不尽如人意，但舰体寿命仍较年轻，可以在未来的中期改造时复制中国国产航母的这些成功经验，使其战斗力得到充分发挥。
中国国产航母下水乃至服役的意义
李杰表示，这艘中国国产航母对中国的更大意义，在于中国得以掌握了设计和建造大中型航母的全套经验和技术。航母的建造是一个庞大的系统工程，这正如当年乌克兰黑海造船厂厂长马卡罗夫形容如何才能造完“瓦良格”号时说的那句话：“我们需要苏联、党中央、国家计划委员会、军事工业委员会和九个国防工业部，只有伟大的国家才能完成它。”航母的建造难度，从印度、法国中国国产航母的艰难建造历程也得印证。法国自行建造的“戴高乐”号航母从1989年铺设龙骨，直到1999年才正式成军，服役后的相当长时间里依然是故障不断。印度中国国产航母“维克兰特”号从2009年开工后进展缓慢，服役时间至今仍遥遥无期。
如果中国国产新航母的测试和服役进展顺利，将为中国未来更大型的航母建造奠定基础。外界猜测，中国正准备建造排水量更大、采用弹射起飞模式的新型航母。香港商报称，中国海军动力与电气工程专家马伟明少将此前透露的信息显示，中国在舰载机电磁弹射技术上与美国相当甚至更胜一筹。美国海军的经验显示，这种先进的弹射技术，可以成倍地提高舰载机的出动效率，从而极大增强航母的实际作战效能。
另一方面，这艘中国国产航母未来服役后，中国将超越俄罗斯、法国等海洋强国，拥有真正意义上的双航母战斗群。这不仅让中国摆脱了航母使用上的捉襟见肘，而且还能得以演练两个航母战斗群相互掩护、配合与协同作战的能力，让中国朝着海洋强国的方向迈出更坚实的一步。
>责任编辑：张迪
文章关键词： 航母 中国国产航母 甲板
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